B.F. Skinner's comparative auto- and allo-citation record

Thu Jul 6 16:32:56 EDT 2006

Top ten most cited papers for BF Skinner.

1. 

Estes WK, Skinner BF
Some quantitative properties of anxiety <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=Abstract&doc=1/1>  
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 29 (5): 390-400 NOV 1941 
Times Cited: 783 <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/CIW.cgi?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=DispCitingRec&doc=1/1&isickref=465412&&pre_set_doc=1/1>  
    <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=FastOpenURL&PublisherID=1cate_Test&doc=1/1&SubFunc=Popup>     <http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=TransferToPublisher&URL=http%3A//gateway.isiknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi%3FGWVersion%3D2%26SrcAuth%3DDOISource%26SrcApp%3DWOS%26KeyAID%3D10.1037%252Fh0062283%26DestApp%3DDOI%26SrcAppSID%3DA2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp%26SrcJTitle%3DJOURNAL%2BOF%2BEXPERIMENTAL%2BPSYCHOLOGY&PublisherID=DOISource&SubFunc=Popup> 

2. 

SKINNER BF
ARE THEORIES OF LEARNING NECESSARY <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=Abstract&doc=1/2>  
PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW 57 (4): 193-216 1950 
Times Cited: 583 <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/CIW.cgi?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=DispCitingRec&doc=1/2&isickref=150842&&pre_set_doc=1/2>  
   <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=FastOpenURL&PublisherID=1cate_Test&doc=1/2&SubFunc=Popup>    <http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=TransferToPublisher&URL=http%3A//gateway.isiknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi%3FGWVersion%3D2%26SrcAuth%3DDOISource%26SrcApp%3DWOS%26KeyAID%3D10.1037%252Fh0054367%26DestApp%3DDOI%26SrcAppSID%3DA2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp%26SrcJTitle%3DPSYCHOLOGICAL%2BREVIEW&PublisherID=DOISource&SubFunc=Popup> 

3. 

SKINNER BF
SUPERSTITION IN THE PIGEON <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=Abstract&doc=1/3>  
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 38 (2): 168-172 1948 
Times Cited: 433 <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/CIW.cgi?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=DispCitingRec&doc=1/3&isickref=749082&&pre_set_doc=1/3>  
   <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=FastOpenURL&PublisherID=1cate_Test&doc=1/3&SubFunc=Popup>    <http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=TransferToPublisher&URL=http%3A//gateway.isiknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi%3FGWVersion%3D2%26SrcAuth%3DDOISource%26SrcApp%3DWOS%26KeyAID%3D10.1037%252Fh0055873%26DestApp%3DDOI%26SrcAppSID%3DA2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp%26SrcJTitle%3DJOURNAL%2BOF%2BEXPERIMENTAL%2BPSYCHOLOGY&PublisherID=DOISource&SubFunc=Popup> 

4. 

SKINNER BF
THE OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=Abstract&doc=1/4>  
PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW 52 (5): 270-277 1945 
Times Cited: 308 <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/CIW.cgi?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=DispCitingRec&doc=1/4&isickref=2465807&&pre_set_doc=1/4>  
   <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=FastOpenURL&PublisherID=1cate_Test&doc=1/4&SubFunc=Popup>    <http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=TransferToPublisher&URL=http%3A//gateway.isiknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi%3FGWVersion%3D2%26SrcAuth%3DDOISource%26SrcApp%3DWOS%26KeyAID%3D10.1037%252Fh0062535%26DestApp%3DDOI%26SrcAppSID%3DA2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp%26SrcJTitle%3DPSYCHOLOGICAL%2BREVIEW&PublisherID=DOISource&SubFunc=Popup> 

5. 

SKINNER BF
TEACHING MACHINES <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=Abstract&doc=1/5>  
SCIENCE 128 (3330): 969-977 1958 
Times Cited: 294 <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/CIW.cgi?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=DispCitingRec&doc=1/5&isickref=4793036&&pre_set_doc=1/5>  
   <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=FastOpenURL&PublisherID=1cate_Test&doc=1/5&SubFunc=Popup> 

6. 

SKINNER BF
SELECTION BY CONSEQUENCES <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=Abstract&doc=1/6>  
SCIENCE 213 (4507): 501-504 1981 
Times Cited: 244 <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/CIW.cgi?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=DispCitingRec&doc=1/6&isickref=43368394&&pre_set_doc=1/6>  
   <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=FastOpenURL&PublisherID=1cate_Test&doc=1/6&SubFunc=Popup> 

7. 

SKINNER BF
A CASE-HISTORY IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=Abstract&doc=1/7>  
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 11 (5): 221-233 1956 
Times Cited: 174 <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/CIW.cgi?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=DispCitingRec&doc=1/7&isickref=3738337&&pre_set_doc=1/7>  
   <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=FastOpenURL&PublisherID=1cate_Test&doc=1/7&SubFunc=Popup>    <http://wos.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=TransferToPublisher&URL=http%3A//gateway.isiknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi%3FGWVersion%3D2%26SrcAuth%3DDOISource%26SrcApp%3DWOS%26KeyAID%3D10.1037%252Fh0047662%26DestApp%3DDOI%26SrcAppSID%3DA2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp%26SrcJTitle%3DAMERICAN%2BPSYCHOLOGIST&PublisherID=DOISource&SubFunc=Popup> 

8. 

SKINNER BF
PHYLOGENY AND ONTOGENY OF BEHAVIOR <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=Abstract&doc=1/8>  
SCIENCE 153 (3741): 1205& 1966 
Times Cited: 154 <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/CIW.cgi?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=DispCitingRec&doc=1/8&isickref=11123624&&pre_set_doc=1/8>  
   <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=FastOpenURL&PublisherID=1cate_Test&doc=1/8&SubFunc=Popup> 

9. 

ROGERS CR, SKINNER BF
SOME ISSUES CONCERNING THE CONTROL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR - SYMPOSIUM <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=Abstract&doc=1/9>  
SCIENCE 124 (3231): 1057-1066 1956 
Times Cited: 123 <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/CIW.cgi?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=DispCitingRec&doc=1/9&isickref=3738323&&pre_set_doc=1/9>  
   <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=FastOpenURL&PublisherID=1cate_Test&doc=1/9&SubFunc=Popup> 

10. 

SKINNER BF
WHY I AM NOT A COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGIST <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=Abstract&doc=1/10>  
BEHAVIORISM 5 (2): 1-10 1977 
Times Cited: 115 <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/CIW.cgi?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=DispCitingRec&doc=1/10&isickref=33725165&&pre_set_doc=1/10>  
   <http://wos.isiknowledge.com:80/?SID=A2gk8pmKC99AoGEOMBp&Func=FastOpenURL&PublisherID=1cate_Test&doc=1/10&SubFunc=Popup> 

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__________________________________________________

Eugene Garfield, PhD. email:  garfield at codex.cis.upenn.edu 

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-----Original Message-----
From: ASIS&T Special Interest Group on Metrics [mailto:SIGMETRICS at LISTSERV.UTK.EDU] On Behalf Of Stevan Harnad
Sent: Thursday, July 06, 2006 6:00 AM
To: SIGMETRICS at LISTSERV.UTK.EDU
Subject: [SIGMETRICS] B.F. Skinner's comparative auto- and allo-citation record

http://web.utk.edu/~gwhitney/sigmetrics.html

On Wed, 5 Jul 2006, Morris, Edward K wrote:

> My student, Tracie Mann, and I are working on a paper on Skinner's

> referencing practices, for which he has been criticized (e.g., too high

> a self-citation rate, too low a rate of citing others). The criticisms,

> however, seem more "in the air" than in print. ... We have searched

> the scientometric literature to little avail...

> do you know of (a) published criticisms of Skinner's citation

> practices and (b) any relevant literature on citation practices? We

> would be beholdened for any information or insights.

> 

> Edward K. Morris, Ph.D.

> Professor and Chairperson

> Department of Applied Behavioral Science

> University of Kansas

Dear Edward,

I know of no published criticism of Skinner's citation practices, and

am aware only of the well-known anecdote, perhaps an urban myth, that

Skinner himself had once said something to the effect that the only

one he reads (hence, presumably, cites) is himself.

It seems to me the only objective way to test this is to recover the

citations from the literature of his day, check both the citations of

and the citations by Skinner's work (both journal articles and books)

and to try to construct a comparable control group of authors in

Psychology at the time, to compare with. One could perhaps do this via

co-citations -- finding authors who are co-cited with Skinner and are

themselves cited at a comparable level (or, failing that, simply other

authors in the same or comparable areas of Psychology who are cited at

a comparable level).

If it turns out that comparably cited (hence comaparbly impactful and

influential) authors cite others significantly more and/or themselves

less, then there is something to the urban myth. If Skinner proves

unique in his stature at the time, however, having no reference

population to serve as a baseline, then -- unless we are prepared to

reach, in desperation, for comparisons in other fields so far-flung as to

cast doubt on comparability -- I am afraid the question may have to remain

moot.

My own teacher, Hebb, I know, read and cited very diversely, and

was a contemporary of Skinner's.

ISI's Web of Science probably does not stretch back far enough;

Google Scholar might possibly give an approximation. But perhaps

only APA's Psych Abstracts backfiles, *if* they kept the cited-reference

metadata, offer a hope of a quick answer. Otherwise I'm afraid it's

down to hand-sampling the literature!

Best wishes,

Stevan

Stevan Harnad

American Scientist Open Access Forum

http://amsci-forum.amsci.org/archives/American-Scientist-Open-Access-Forum.html

Chaire de recherche du Canada

Centre de neuroscience de la cognition (CNC)

Institut des sciences cognitives (ISC/CSI)

Université du Québec à Montréal

Montréal, Québec,  Canada  H3C 3P8

tel: 1-514-987-3000 2461#

fax: 1-514-987-8952

harnad at uqam.ca

http://www.crsc.uqam.ca/

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