Contents of Scientometrics Vol:79, No:2 (May 2009)

[Eugene Garfield]

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Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 2 (  MAY  2009)

LISTING OF INDIVIDUAL PAPERS WITH ABSTRACTS FOLLOWS THIS CONTENTS PAGE

CONTENTS

Gavin Larowe, Sumeet Ambre, John Burgoon, Weimao Ke, Katy Börner
The Scholarly Database and its utility for scientometrics research	219

Yuxian Liu, Ronald Rousseau
Properties of Hirsch-type indices: the case of library classification 
categories	235

Valentina Markusova, Margriet Jansz, Alexandr N. Libkind, Ilya Libkind, 
Alexander Varshavskye
Trends in Russian research output in post-Soviet era	249

Ed C. M. Noyons, Clara Calero-Medina
Applying bibliometric mapping in a high level science policy context
Mapping the research areas of three Dutch Universities of Technology	261

Omwoyo Bosire Onyancha, Dennis N. Ochollab
Is HIV/AIDS in Africa distinct? What can we learn from an analysis of the 
literature?	277

Anastassios Pouris, Anthipi Pouris
The state of science and technology in Africa (2000–2004): A scientometric 
assessment	297

Suzy Ramanana-Rahary, Michel Zitt, Ronald Rousseau
Aggregation properties of relative impact and other classical indicators:
Convexity issues and the Yule–Simpson paradox	311

Ana Romero-de-Pablos, Joaquín M. Azagra-Carob
Internationalisation of patents by Public Research Organisations
from a historical and an economic perspective	329

Ulf Sandström
Research quality and diversity of funding: A model for relating research 
money
to output of research	341

Robert D. Shelton, Patricia Foland, Roman Gorelskyy
Do new SCI journals have a different national bias?	351

Henry Small, Phineas Upham 
Citation structure of an emerging research area on the verge of application
	365

Bart Thijs, Wolfgang Glänzel
A structural analysis of benchmarks on different bibliometrical indicators 
for 
European research institutes based on their research profile	377

Thed N. van Leeuwen
Strength and weakness of national science systems:
A bibliometric analysis through cooperation patterns	389

Péter Vinkler
Introducing the Current Contribution Index for characterizing 
the recent, relevant impact of journals	409

Liying Yang, Steven Morris, Elizabeth M. Barden
Mapping institutions and their weak ties in a specialty:
A case study of cystic fibrosis body composition research	421

Fuyuki Yoshikane, Takayuki Nozawa, Susumu Shibui, Takafumi Suzuki
An analysis of the connection between researchers’ productivity and their 
co-authors’ past attributions, including the importance in collaboration 
networks	435

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TITLE : The Scholarly Database and its utility for scientometrics research

AUTHOR : GAVIN LAROWE, SUMEET AMBRE, JOHN BURGOON, WEIMAO KE, KATY BÖRNER

Indiana University, School of Library and Information Science, 10th Street 
& Jordan Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA

ABSTRACT:
The Scholarly Database aims to serve researchers and practitioners 
interested in the analysis, modelling, and visualization of large-scale 
data sets. A specific focus of this database is to support macro-
evolutionary studies of science and to communicate findings via knowledge-
domain visualizations. Currently, the database provides access to about 18 
million publications, patents, and grants. About 90% of the publications 
are available in full text. Except for some datasets with restricted access 
conditions, the data can be retrieved in raw or pre-processed formats using 
either a web-based or a relational database client. This paper motivates 
the need for the database from the perspective of 
bibliometric/scientometric research. It explains the database design, 
setup, etc., and reports the temporal, geographical, and topic coverage of 
data sets currently served via the database. Planned work and the potential 
for this database to become a global testbed for information science 
research are discussed at the end of the paper.

Address for correspondence:
GAVIN LAROWE
E-mail: glarowe at indiana.edu

Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 2 (2009) 219–234
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-009-0414-2
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TITLE :  Properties of Hirsch-type indices: the case of library 
classification categories

AUTHOR :  YUXIAN LIU,a,c RONALD ROUSSEAUb,c,d 

a Catalogue Section, Library of Tongji University, Siping Street 1239, 
200092 Shanghai, P.R. China
b KHBO (Association K.U.Leuven), Department of Industrial Sciences and 
Technology, Zeedijk 101, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium
c University of Antwerp (UA), City Campus, IBW, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
d Hasselt University (UHasselt), Agoralaan, Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, 
Belgium

ABSTRACT:
We present an application of the h-index in a context which does not 
include publications or citations. Rankings of library classification 
categories using the h-, g- and R-index are shown to be statistically 
equivalent. Moreover these indices seem to have the same discriminating 
power, as measured by the Gini concentration index. We further present best 
fitting Zipf-Mandelbrot functions for the h-distributions of 
classifications in different libraries.

Address for correspondence:
YUXIAN LIU
E-mail: yxliu at lib.tongji.edu.cn

Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 2 (2009) 235–248
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-009-0415-1
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TITLE : Trends in Russian research output in post-Soviet era

AUTHOR :  VALENTINA A. MARKUSOVA,a MARGRIET JANSZ,b ALEXANDR N. LIBKIND,c 
ILYA LIBKIND,d 
ALEXANDER VARSHAVSKYe

a VINITI, Russia
b Technology Foundation STW, The Netherlands
c The Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russia
d MISA, Russia
e The Central Economics &Mathematics Institute, Russia

ABSTRACT: 
Recently, the Russian government has ordered evaluation and reform of the 
basic research system. As a consequence, the number of research staff at 
the Russian Academy of Sciences will be reduced by 20% by 2007. The basis 
for research evaluation and institute budgeting will be bibliometric 
indicators. In view of these changes we look at the Russian publication 
output and argue that (1) publication output and citedness have to be 
considered in relation to the level of expenditure on R&D; (2) bibliometric 
indicators depend strongly on the database used (ISI’s databases are 
biased) and their interpretation can be confusing; better coverage of 
Russian publications or a Russian Science Citation Index are needed. Also, 
research results are communicated in more ways than paper publications. (3) 
policy makers have misused ISI statistics to demonstrate “a low level” of 
Russian R&D. Our paper is a part of a project designed to trace R&D 
development in a transition economy and knowledge transfer from basic 
research to innovation. Results of our project shed light on science policy 
and the social issues due to the indiscriminate introduction of 
quantitative indicators.

Address for correspondence:
VALENTINA A. MARKUSOVA
E-mail: science at viniti.ru

Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 2 (2009) 249–260
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-009-0416-0
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TITLE :  Applying bibliometric mapping in a high level science policy 
context Mapping the research areas of three Dutch Universities of Technology

AUTHOR :  ED C. M. NOYONS, CLARA CALERO-MEDINA

Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS), Leiden University, P.O. 
Box 9555, 2300 RB, Leiden, The Netherlands

ABSTRACT:
Bibliometric maps have the potential to become useful tools for science 
policy issues. The complexity of the structures, however, makes it often 
very difficult to interpret the results. In this study, we present a case 
study in which we use the bibliometric mapping results to address a high 
level science policy issue of research efficiency. By revealing the results 
in an alternative way, we increased the utility of bibliometric mapping 
within the science policy context. Moreover, by including additional 
information to the entities in the landscape, we provide useful input for 
the research potential.

Address for correspondence:
ED C. M. NOYONS
E-mail: Noyons at cwts.leidenuniv.nl

Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 2 (2009) 261–275
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-009-0417-z
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TITLE  :Is HIV/AIDS in Africa distinct? 
What can we learn from an analysis of the literature?

AUTHOR :  OMWOYO BOSIRE ONYANCHA,a DENNIS N. OCHOLLAb

a University of South Africa, Department of Information Science, P.O. Box 
392, UNISA 0003, South Africa
b University of Zululand, Department of Library and Information Science, 
Private Bag x1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa

ABSTRACT:
This paper investigates, through an analysis of the published literature, 
the notion held by several people that HIV/AIDS in Africa is unique. Using 
co-word and multidimensional scaling (MDS) analyses of MEDLINE-extracted 
HIV/AIDS records, this study used five lists of terms to investigate the 
related-ness of various factors and diseases to HIV/AIDS. The lists 
consisted of risk factors, sexually transmitted diseases, tropical 
diseases, opportunistic diseases, and pre-disposing factors. Data (i.e. 
words.txt – consisting of keywords/phrases describing the aforementioned 
factors and diseases; and text.txt – containing HIV/AIDS papers’ titles) 
were analyzed using TI computer-aided application software, developed by 
Leydesdorff. Results revealed that several factors and diseases that are 
pre-dominant in Sub-Saharan Africa exhibited strong and high pattern of co-
occurrences with HIV/AIDS, implying close associated-ness with the epidemic 
in the region. Further areas of research, whose results will be used to 
make conclusive observations and arguments concerning the uniqueness of 
HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, are recommended.

Address for correspondence:
OMWOYO BOSIRE ONYANCHA
E-mail: b_onyancha at yahoo.com

Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 2 (2009) 277–296
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-009-0418-y
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TITLE :  The state of science and technology in Africa (2000–2004): 
A scientometric assessment

AUTHOR :  ANASTASSIOS POURIS,a ANTHIPI POURISb

a Institute for Technological Innovation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 
0002, South Africa
b Capacity and Strategic Platforms Grants, National Research Foundation, PO 
Box 2600, Pretoria 0001, South Africa and University of Pretoria, Pretoria 
0002, South Africa

ABSTRACT:
This article reports for first time the state of science and technology in 
the African Continent on the basis of two scientometric indicators – number 
of research publications and number of patents awarded. Our analysis shows 
that Africa produced 68,945 publications over the 2000–2004 period or 1.8% 
of the World’s publications. In comparison India produced 2.4% and Latin 
America 3.5% of the World’s research. More detailed analysis reveals that 
research in Africa is concentrated in just two countries – South Africa and 
Egypt. These two counties produce just above 50% of the Continent’s 
publications and the top eight countries produce above 80% of the 
Continent’s research. Disciplinary analysis reveals that few African 
countries have the minimum number of scientists required for the 
functioning of a scientific discipline. Examination of the Continent’s 
inventive profile, as manifested in patents, indicates that Africa produces 
less than one thousand of the world’s inventions. Furthermore 88% of the 
Continent’s inventive activity is concentrated in South Africa. The article 
recommends that the African Governments should pay particular attention in 
developing their national research systems.

Address for correspondence:
ANASTASSIOS POURIS
E-mail: Anastassios.pouris at up.ac.za

Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 2 (2009) 297–309
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-009-0419-x
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TITLE :  Aggregation properties of relative impact and other classical 
indicators: Convexity issues and the Yule–Simpson paradox

AUTHOR :  SUZY RAMANANA-RAHARY,a MICHEL ZITT,a,b RONALD ROUSSEAUc,d

a Observatoire des Sciences et des Techniques (OST), Paris, France
b INRA-Lereco, Nantes, France
c KHBO – Industrial Sciences and Technology, Zeedijk 101, B-8400 Oostende, 
Belgium
d K.U. Leuven, Steunpunt O&O Indicatoren and Dept. MSI, Dekenstraat 2, B-
3000 Leuven, Belgium

ABSTRACT:
Among classical bibliometric indicators, direct and relative impact 
measures for countries or other players in science are appealing and 
standard. Yet, as shown in this article, they may exhibit undesirable 
statistical properties, or at least ones that pose questions of 
interpretation in evaluation and benchmarking contexts. In this article, we 
address two such properties namely sensitivity to the Yule–Simpson effect, 
and a problem related to convexity. The Yule–Simpson effect can occur for 
direct impacts and, in a variant form, for relative impact, causing an 
apparent incoherence between field values and the aggregate (all-fields) 
value. For relative impacts, it may result in a severe form of ‘out-range’ 
of aggregate values, where a player’s relative impact shifts from ‘good’ 
to ‘bad’, or conversely. Out-range and lack of convexity in general are 
typical of relative impact indicators. Using empirical data, we suggest 
that, for relative impact measures, ‘out-range’ due to lack of convexity is 
not exceptional. The Yule–Simpson effect is less frequent, and especially 
occurs for small players with particular specialisation profiles.

Address for correspondence:
SUZY RAMANANA-RAHARY
E-mail: suzy.ramanana at obs-ost.fr

Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 2 (2009) 311–327
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-009-0420-4
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TITLE :  Internationalisation of patents by Public Research Organisations 
from a historical and an economic perspective

AUTHOR :  ANA ROMERO-DE-PABLOS,a JOAQUÍN M. AZAGRA-CAROb

a Department of Science, Technology and Society, Institute of Philosophy 
(CSIC), Albasanz 26-28, 28037 Madrid, Spain
b INGENIO (CSIC-UPV) and IPTS (European Commission – Joint Research 
Centre),Edificio Expo, Inca Garcilaso s/n, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain

ABSTRACT:
Within the field of the organisation of science, concerns about how 
academics generate patents tend to focus on a single set of either national 
or international patents. The main aim of this research is to study both 
national and international patenting in order to understand their 
differences. We have approached this issue from both a historical and an 
economic perspective, using data from the Spanish National Research Council 
(CSIC), the largest PRO in Spain. Three periods can be distinguished in the 
CSIC’s history, according to the political context, namely the dictatorship 
(1939–1975), the transition to democracy (1976–1986) and democracy (1987–to 
date). The prevailing legal and institutional framework has marked the way 
in which patenting by CSIC has evolved in each of these periods. The 
current situation is one in which there is strong internationalisation of 
patenting activity, and in this most-recent period we explore trends in 
some of the economic influences on patenting activity. We conclude that the 
political and normative context may shape the culture of international 
patenting at PROs like the CSIC and that increasing technological 
cooperation has supported this internationalisation. However, very often 
foreign partners are included in the application in order to extend 
protection abroad for commercial reasons, so their number may not be a good 
indicator of inventive activity.

Address for correspondence:
ANA ROMERO-DE-PABLOS
E-mail: anaromero at ifs.csic.es

Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 2 (2009) 329–340
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-009-0421-3
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TITLE :  Research quality and diversity of funding:
A model for relating research money to output of research

AUTHOR :  ULF SANDSTRÖM

Linköping University, Dept. ISAK, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden

ABSTRACT:
We analyze the relation between funding and output using bibliometric 
methods with field normalized data. Our approach is to connect individual 
researcher data on funding from Swedish university databases to data on 
incoming grants using the specific personal ID-number. Data on funding 
include the person responsible for the grant. All types of research income 
are considered in the analysis yielding a project database with a high 
level of precision. Results show that productivity can be explained by 
background variables, but that quality of research is more or less un-
related to background variables.

Address for correspondence:
ULF SANDSTRÖM
E-mail: ulfsa at isak.liu.se

Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 2 (2009) 341–349
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-009-0422-2
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TITLE : Do new SCI journals have a different national bias?

AUTHOR : ROBERT D. SHELTON, PATRICIA FOLAND, ROMAN GORELSKYY

WTEC, 4800 Roland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA

ABSTRACT:
National shares of worldwide publications in the Science Citation Index 
(SCI) have shifted recently. The long-term decline in U.S. share 
accelerated in the mid-1990s, and now the EU has joined this decline. Not 
coincidentally, the shares of some countries have increased sharply, 
particularly those of China, S. Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore. Since the SCI 
constantly adds new journals, one reason might be that newly added journals 
were more favorable to them. To test this, the database was partitioned 
into “old journals” (added before 1995) and “new journals,” added 
afterward. The analysis was done for eight of the 20 fields of science 
defined by the National Science Indicator CD. In some fields, new journals 
were indeed much more favorable to the Asians. In some fields, however, new 
journals were actually more favorable to the U.S. In aggregate over the 
eight fields analyzed, the size of this effect was too small to account for 
much of the sharp changes in national shares. Furthermore tests between old 
and new journals find that differences in most fields are not statistically 
significant. The results provide evidence that the SCI can be used to 
accurately track national publication changes over time.

Address for correspondence:
R. D. SHELTON
E-mail: shelton at wtec.org

Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 2 (2009) 351–363
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-009-0423-1
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TITLE :  Citation structure of an emerging research area on the verge of 
application

AUTHOR :  HENRY SMALL,a PHINEAS UPHAMb

a Thomson Reuters, 3501 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19104, USA
b The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Locust Walk, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 19104, USA

ABSTRACT:
A case study of an emerging research area is presented dealing with the 
creation of organic thin film transistors, a subtopic within the general 
area called “plastic electronics.” The purpose of this case study is to 
determine the structural properties of the citation network that may be 
characteristic of the emergence, development, and application or demise of 
a research area. Research on organic thin film transistors is highly 
interdisciplinary, involving journals and research groups from physics, 
chemistry, materials science, and engineering. There is a clear path to 
industrial applications if certain technical problems can be overcome. 
Despite the applied nature and potential for patentable inventions, 
scholarly publications from both academia and industry have continued at a 
rapid pace through 2007. The question is whether the bibliometric 
indicators point to a decline in this area due to imminent 
commercialization or to insurmountable technical problems with these 
materials.

Address for correspondence:
HENRY SMALL
E-mail: henry.small at Thomson.com

Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 2 (2009) 365–375
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-009-0424-0
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TITLE :  A structural analysis of benchmarks on different bibliometrical 
indicators for European research institutes based on their research profile

AUTHOR :  BART THIJS,a WOLFGANG GLÄNZELa,b
a K.U. Leuven, Steunpunt O&O Indicatoren and Faculty ETEW, Dept. MSI, 
Dekenstraat 2, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
b Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Science Policy Research, 
Budapest, Hungary

ABSTRACT:
The present study is part of an ongoing project on clustering European 
research institutions according to their publication profiles. Using 
hierarchical clustering eight clusters have been found the optimum solution 
for the classification. Aim of the present study is a structural analysis 
for the evaluation of research performance of specialised and 
multidisciplinary institutions. A breakdown by subject fields is used to 
characterise field-specific peculiarities of individual clusters by 
bibliometric indicators and to allow comparison within the same and among 
different clusters. Finally, benchmarks can then be used to study national 
research performance on basis of the institutional classification.

Address for correspondence:
BART THIJS
E-mail: Bart.Thijs at econ.kuleuven.be

Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 2 (2009) 377–388
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-009-0425-z
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TITLE :  Strength and weakness of national science systems:
A bibliometric analysis through cooperation patterns

AUTHOR :  THED N. VAN LEEUWEN

Centre for Science & Technology Studies (CWTS), Leiden University, Leiden, 
The Netherlands

ABSTRACT:
In this study we have focused on long term developments of various types of 
scientific publishing, and the field-normalized impact generated by these 
various types. The types of scientific output distinguished are output 
resulting from international cooperation, national cooperation, and single 
address publications, in which no apparent cooperation is found. A fourth 
type is distinguished by focusing on first authorship, within the 
international cooperation output. Changes in especially the share of a 
country’s output from first-authored international cooperation and the 
share of single address publications can be regarded as indicators of 
strength and/or weakness of a science system.

Address for correspondence:
THED N. VAN LEEUWEN
E-mail: leeuwen at cwts.nl

Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 2 (2009) 389–408
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-009-0426-y
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TITLE :  Introducing the Current Contribution Index for characterizing the 
recent, relevant impact of journals

AUTHOR :  PÉTER VINKLER

Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pusztaszeri út 59-
67,H-1025 Budapest, Hungary

ABSTRACT:
The Garfield (Impact) Factor characterizes the measure of the up to date 
specific contribution of scientific journals to the total impact of the 
journals in a special field. A new indicator (Current Contribution Index, 
CCI) was introduced in order to characterize the relative contribution of 
journals to recent, relevant knowledge of a corresponding field. The CC 
Index relates the number of citations received by a journal in a given year 
to the total number of citations obtained by all journals of the 
corresponding field in that year. Mean Garfield Factors and mean Current 
Contribution Indexes were calculated for some fields and several journals. 
No significant correlation was found between the Garfield Factor (GF) and 
Current Contribution Index (CCI) of journals. The ratios of the GF to CCI 
referring to the corresponding top 10, 20 or 50 per cent of the journals 
ranked by decreasing GF and CCI, strongly differ by field.

Address for correspondence:
PÉTER VINKLER
E-mail: pvinkler at chemres.hu

Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 2 (2009) 409–420
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-009-0427-x
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TITLE :  Mapping institutions and their weak ties in a specialty:
A case study of cystic fibrosis body composition research

AUTHOR :  LIYING YANG,a STEVEN A. MORRIS,b ELIZABETH M. BARDENc

a National Science Library of Chinese Academy of Science, 33 Beisihuan 
Xilu, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100080, P. R. China
b Baker-Hughes Inc. 2001 Rankin Road, Houston, Texas 77073, USA
c Barden Consulting, 22 Federation Rd., Bedford, NH, 03110, USA

ABSTRACT:
The paper demonstrates visualization technique that show the collaboration 
structure of institutions in the specialty and the researchers that 
function as weak ties among them. Institution names were extracted from the 
collection of papers and disambiguated using the Derwent Analytics (v1.2) 
software product. Institutions were clustered into collaboration groups 
based on their co-occurrence in papers. A crossmap of clustered 
institutions against research fronts, which were derived using 
bibliographic coupling analysis, shows the research fronts that specific 
institutions participate in, their collaborator institutions and the 
research fronts in which those collaborations occurred. A crossmap of 
institutions to author teams, derived from co-authorship analysis, reveals 
research teams in the specialty and their general institutional 
affiliation, and further identifies the researchers that function as weak 
ties and the institutions that they link. The case study reveals that the 
techniques introduced in this paper can be used to extract a large amount 
of useful information about institutions participating in a research 
specialty.

Address for correspondence:
LIYING YANG
E-mail: yangly at mail.las.ac.cn

Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 2 (2009) 421–434
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-009-0428-9
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TITLE :  An analysis of the connection between researchers’ productivity 
and their co-authors’ past attributions, including the importance in 
collaboration networks

AUTHOR :  FUYUKI YOSHIKANE,a TAKAYUKI NOZAWA,b SUSUMU SHIBUI,c TAKAFUMI 
SUZUKId

a Department of Research for University Evaluation, National Institution 
for Academic Degrees and University Evaluation, 1-29-1 Gakuen-nishimachi, 
Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8587, Japan
b Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of 
Agriculture and Technology,Tokyo, Japan
c Office of Institutional Research, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
d Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Information Studies, University of 
Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

ABSTRACT:
Although many studies have analyzed the “synchronic” correlation of 
properties between authors and their co-authors, the “diachronic” 
correlation of properties, i.e., the correlation between their subsequent 
and precedent activity, has not yet been sufficiently studied using 
quantitative methods. This study pays attention not only to productivity 
but also the importance in the collaboration network as a measure of the 
researcher’s activity, and clarifies whether there is any connection 
between (i) the researcher’s activity subsequent to a collaboration and 
(ii) the collaborator’s precedent activity, aiming at deriving knowledge 
about the diachronic effect of collaborators.

Address for correspondence:
FUYUKI YOSHIKANE
E-mail: fuyuki at niad.ac.jp

Scientometrics, Vol. 79, No. 1 (2009) 435–449
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-008-0429-8
-------------------------------