Contents of Scientometrics, Vol:72(1) April 2007
Eugene Garfield
garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU
Thu Jul 12 15:45:25 EDT 2007
Scientometrics, Vol. 72, No. 1 (April 2007)
CONTENTS
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TITLE : The public science base of US biotechnology: A citation-weighted
approach
AUTHOR : G. STEVEN MCMILLAN a, ROBERT D. HAMILTON, III b
a. Penn State Abington, Abington, PA (USA)
b. Department of General and Strategic Management, Temple University,
Philadelphia, PA (USA)
Abstract
In previous research we examined the science base of US biotechnology
utilizing several unique patent and scientific paper databases (MCMILLAN et
al., 2000). Our findings highlighted the importance of public science in
this industry. In this current research effort, we extend that analysis to
include the subsequent citations those biotechnology patents received. Our
conclusions are that the reliance on public science is stable when adjusted
for forward citations, but the impact of different funding sources does
change when citation weights are added. The science policy implications of
these findings and future research opportunities are discussed.
Address for correspondence:
G. STEVEN MCMILLAN
Penn State Abington, 1600 Woodland Road, Abington, PA 19003, USA
E-mail: gsm5 at psu.edu
Scientometrics, Vol. 72, No. 1 (April 2007) 3-10
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-007-1701-4
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TITLE : An exploratory study of the feature of Iranian co-authorships in
biology, chemistry and physics
AUTHORS : GOYA HARIRCHI,a GÖRAN MELIN,b SHAPOUR ETEMADc
a School of Education & Psychology, Department of Library and Information
Sciences, University of Tehran,
Tehran (Iran)
b Swedish Institute for Studies in Education and Research, Stockholm
(Sweden)
c Iranian Institute of Philosophy, Tehran (Iran)
Abstract
This paper investigates factors behind co-authorships between scientists in
Iran and elsewhere. It also compares the Iranian pattern of collaboration
with other countries. A questionnaire was sent out to Iranian scientists in
fields of physics, chemistry, and biology who had published an
internationally co-authored journal article during 2003. The results show
that not all co-authored articles were the result of a collaborative
project. Also, the main collaborative motives behind the co-authorships
were identified and described. Among these, we could mention sharing
laboratory devices, accessing knowledge, and increased efficiency of the
study at hand. It is clear that emigrated Iranian scientists play an
important role as collaborators and probably also as links to the
international scientific community as a whole. Cultural factors mix with
scientific and work related ones. Although the proportion of international
co-authorships is lower than in most other countries, the collaborative
pattern seems rather similar.
Address for correspondence:
GÖRAN MELIN
Swedish Institute for Studies in Education and Research
Drottning Kristinas Väg 33 D, S-114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
E-mail: goran.melin at sister.nu
Scientometrics, Vol. 72, No. 1 (April 2007) 11–24
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-007-1693-0
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TITLE : Irreproducibility of the results of the Shanghai academic ranking
of world universities
AUTHOR : RĂZVAN V. FLORIANa,b
aAd Astra Association of Romanian Scientists, Cluj-Napoca (Romania)
bCenter for Cognitive and Neural Studies (Coneural), Cluj-Napoca (Romania)
Abstract
I discuss the difficulties that I encountered in reproducing the results of
the Shanghai ranking of world universities. In the Shanghai ranking, the
dependence between the score for the SCI indicator and the weighted number
of considered articles obeys a power law, instead of the proportional
dependence that is suggested by the official methodology of the ranking.
Discrepancies from proportionality are also found in some of the scores for
the N&S and Size indicators. This shows that the results of the Shanghai
ranking cannot be reproduced, given raw data and the public methodology of
the ranking.
Address for correspondence:
RĂZVAN V. FLORIAN
Ad Astra Association of Romanian Scientists
Str. Saturn nr. 24, 400504 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
E-mail: florian at ad-astra.ro
Scientometrics, Vol. 72, No. 1 (April 2007) 25–32
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-007-1712-1
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TITLE : Innovation assessment in traditional industries. A proposal of
aesthetic innovation indicators
AUTHOR : JORGE ALCAIDE-MARZALa, ENRIQUE TORTAJADA-ESPARZAb
aProject Engineering Department, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia,
Valencia (Spain)
bINGENIO (CSIC-UPV), Valencia (Spain)
Abstract
Innovative activities are fundamental to the competitiveness strategies of
the firms in a globalized market. Their assessment, using indicators such
as those utilized in the Community Innovation Survey (CIS), shows
significant sectoral dispersion. Traditional industries are in a weak
position because the innovation they are involved in is mainly aesthetic,
which is not really addressed in innovation surveys. In this work, we
review the various criticisms levelled at existing indicators and propose
some new indicators that would capture the types of innovations that are
conducted by the traditional industries. This work is based on a study of
the features of traditional industries and the concept of aesthetic
novelty. The proposed indicators are tested in the Spanish footwear
industry.
Address for correspondence:
JORGE ALCAIDE-MARZAL
Project Engineering Department, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
Valencia, Spain
E-mail: jalcaide at dpi.upv.es
Scientometrics, Vol. 72, No. 1 (April 2007) 33–57
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-007-1708-x
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TITLE : Exploring social integration as a determinant of research activity,
performance and prestige of scientists. Empirical evidence in the Biology
and Biomedicine field
AUTHOR : JESÚS REY-ROCHA, BELÉN GARZÓN-GARCÍA, M. JOSÉ MARTÍN-SEMPERE
Group for Scientific Activity Studies, Spanish Council for Scientific
Research (CSIC), Madrid (Spain)
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to explore to what extent social integration
influences scientists’ research activity and performance. Data were
obtained from a survey of researchers ascribed to the Biology and
Biomedicine area of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research, as well as
from their curricula vitae. The results provide empirical evidence that
researchers who were highly integrated within their teams performed better
than their less integrated colleagues in aspects of research activity such
as collaboration with the private sector, patenting, participation in
domestic funded research and development projects, and supervision of
doctoral dissertations. Nevertheless, highly integrated researchers did not
seem to be more prestigious than less integrated colleagues, nor did the
former’s publications have a higher impact.
Address for correspondence:
JESÚS REY-ROCHA
CINDOC (CSIC), Joaquín Costa 22, 28002 Madrid, Spain
E-mail: J.Rey at cindoc.csic.es
Scientometrics, Vol. 72, No. 1 (April 2007) 59–80
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-007-1703-2
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TITLE : Why are Websites co-linked? The case of Canadian universities
AUTHOR : LIWEN VAUGHAN, MARGARET E. I. KIPP, YIJUN GAO
Faculty of Information and Media Studies, University of Western Ontario,
London, Ontario (Canada)
Abstract
This study examined why Websites were co-linked using Canadian university
Websites as the test set. Pages that co-linked to these university Websites
were located using Yahoo!. A random sample of 859 co-linking pages (the
page that initiated the co-link) was retrieved and the contents of the
page, as well as the context of the link, were manually examined to record
the following variables: language, country, type of Website, and the
reasons for co-linking. The study found that in over 94% of cases, the two
co-linked universities were related academically; many of these cases (38%)
showed a relationship specifically in teaching or research. This confirms
results, from previous quantitative studies, that Web co-links can be a
measure of the similarity or relatedness of sites being co-linked and that
Web co-link analysis can thus be used to study relationships among linked
Websites.
Address for correspondence:
LIWEN VAUGHAN
Faculty of Information and Media Studies, University of Western Ontario
London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
Email: lvaughan at uwo.ca
Scientometrics, Vol. 72, No. 1 (April 2007) 81–92
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-007-1707-y
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TITLE : Low awareness of the link between science and innovation affects
public policies in developing countries: The Chilean case
AUTHOR : MANUEL KRAUSKOPFa,b, ERWIN KRAUSKOPFa,b,c, BERNARDITA MÉNDEZa,b,c
aUniversidad Andrés Bello, Santiago (Chile)
bMillenium Institute for Fundamental and Applied Biology, Santiago (Chile)
cFundación Ciencia para la Vida, Santiago (Chile)
Abstract
Developing countries share disbelief about the benefits of the endogenous
production of science as a tool for economical growth. Hence, public
policies to strengthen science and technology and promote the culture of
innovation are, in general, weak and sometimes incoherent. Patenting has
become not only an icon to protect discoveries which can yield profits and
enable socio-economical growth but also a potent informetric tool to assess
innovation and certainly, since the seminal work of Narin, to understand
the multidimensional interactions between science, technology and
innovation. In this article we examine the impact of Chilean research
articles on world technology as viewed by the link between articles
produced in Chile and US patents. Our results show that from 1987 to 2003,
509 US patents had 562 citations to 273 articles produced at least, by one
author working in a Chilean institution. US, not Chilean companies are the
holders of patents citing Chilean produced articles. The research articles
covered many disciplines but a clear concentration occurred in the
biomedical field. Additionally, chemistry was also well cited. Our results
confirm that in Chile a non-patenting culture which involves researchers
and institutions still prevails. Hence, public policies need to be designed
and implemented to foster scientific production and innovation in order to
advance progress in the current knowledgeeconomy- driven society which
sustains competitiveness in the globalized world.
Address for correspondence:
MANUEL KRAUSKOPF
Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 237, Santiago, Chile
E-mail: mkrausk at unab.cl
Scientometrics, Vol. 72, No. 1 (April 2007) 93–103
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-007-1737-5
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TITLE : The frequencies of multinational papers in various sciences
AUTHOR : HELMUT A. ABT
Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, AZ (USA)
Abstract
Multinational papers are defined here as ones written by authors who reside
in different countries during the course of research. For each of 16 fields
of science, I scanned the first 200 papers in 2005 in four major journals
publishing original research papers. Those journals produced 40% of all the
citations among those journals with Impact Factors greater than 1.0. The
frequencies of multinational papers ranged from 13% in surgery to 55% in
astronomy. Although one can list a dozen factors which might contribute
toward multinational papers, I lack the data to test most of those. There
are only minor correlations with team sizes and Impact Factors, inadequate
to explain the range. There is a larger, but not convincing, dependence
upon the fractions of single-author papers and its cause, if real, is
unclear. However, the most prominent factor seems to be the nature of the
objects studied; if they are usually local (e.g. in one hospital or in one
laboratory), the papers tend to be domestic but if most of the objects are
available simultaneously to scientists in many countries (e.g. the sky in
astronomy or the oceans and the Earth’s atmosphere in geosciences or
widespread diseases in the area of infectious diseases or plants and
animals widely distributed in biology), the papers are often international.
Auxiliary results for 2005 are an average of 5.5 ±0.3 authors per paper and
6.6 ±1.0% one-author papers.
Address for correspondence:
HELMUT A. ABT
Kitt Peak National Observatory
Box 26732, Tucson, AZ 85726-6732, USA
E-mail: abt at noao.edu
Scientometrics, Vol. 72, No. 1 (April 2007) 105–115
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-007-1686-z
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TITLE : Measuring researcher interdisciplinarity
AUTHOR : ALAN L. PORTER, ALEX S. COHEN, J. DAVID ROESSNER, MARTY PERREAULT
National Academies Keck Futures Initiative (NAKFI), Irvine, CA (USA)
Abstract
We offer two metrics that together help gauge how interdisciplinary a body
of research is. Both draw upon Web of Knowledge Subject Categories (SCs) as
key units of analysis. We have assembled two substantial Web of Knowledge
samples from which to determine how closely individual SCs relate to each
other. “Integration” measures the extent to which a research article cites
diverse SCs. “Specialization” considers the spread of SCs in which the body
of research (e.g., the work of a given author in a specified time period)
is published. Pilot results for a sample of researchers show a surprising
degree of interdisciplinarity.
Address for correspondence:
ALAN L. PORTER
Technology Policy and Assessment Center, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA (USA)
E-mail: alan.porter at isye.gatech.edu
Scientometrics, Vol. 72, No. 1 (April 2007) 117–147
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-007-1700-5
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TITLE : The evidence of systematic noise in non-patent references: A study
of New Zealand companies’ patents
AUTHOR : ZI-LIN HE, MIN DENG
Department of Management, University of Otago, Dunedin (New Zealand)
Abstract
Since the pioneering studies of CARPENTER & NARIN (1983), and NARIN & NOMA
(1985), non-patent references (NPRs) in patent documents have been widely
used as an indicator of science-technology links. MEYER (2000) reviewed
previous work in the patent citation literature and found that citation
links between patents and papers are, if not explicitly, at least
implicitly viewed as an indication of the contribution of science to
technology. Using a sample of 850 patents of New Zealand companies granted
by the USPTO between 1976 and 2004, we find evidence of systematic noise in
NPR data. We suggest that future research should pay close attention to
heterogeneity among countries, and that one should demonstrate more caution
in applying and interpreting results based on the NPR methodology.
Address for correspondence:
ZI-LIN HE
Department of Management University of Otago
P. O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand 9001
Email: zilinhe at business.otago.ac.nz
Scientometrics, Vol. 72, No. 1 (April 2007) 149–166
DOI: 10.1007/s11192-007-1702-3
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