From eugene.garfield at THOMSON.COM Fri Dec 2 16:57:37 2005 From: eugene.garfield at THOMSON.COM (Eugene Garfield) Date: Fri, 2 Dec 2005 16:57:37 -0500 Subject: Hare D. Journal Impact Factor - Canadian Veterinary Journal - Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 46(*): 679-681 August 2005. Message-ID: E-mail: dhare at ucalgary.ca Title: Journal impact factor Author(s): Hare D Source: CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL-REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 46 (8): 679-681 AUG 2005 Document Type: Editorial Material Language: English Cited References: 7 Times Cited: 0 Publisher: CANADIAN VET MED ASSOC, 339 BOOTH ST ATTN: KIMBERLY ALLEN- MCGILL, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1R 7K1, CANADA Subject Category: VETERINARY SCIENCES IDS Number: 954HN ISSN: 0008-5286 Dr. Doug Hare, the author, has kindly permitted us to reproduce below the full-text of this article which was published in Canadian Veterinary Journal - Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 46(8): 679-681. August 2005: EDITORIAL/ ?DITORIAL Journal impact factor "Obviously a man?s judgment cannot be better than the information on which he based it." Arthur Hayes Sulzberger 1891?1968 Scientific journals have been subjected to evaluation one way or another for 80 years. In the 1960s, the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) began to publish an objective and quantitative evaluation, which was called the impact factor (1). Briefly, a journal?s impact factor for a given year is calculated by determining the number of citations to all papers published by that journal in the previous 2 years divided by the number of citable papers published by that journal in the same 2 years. Papers are considered to be articles, reviews, proceedings, editorials, letters to the editor, news items, etc., whereas citable papers are restricted to articles, reviews, and proceedings (2). If a stricter definition of impact factor is used, where the papers selected in the numerator and denominator are the same, the impact factors for about 40% of medical journals would be 10% lower (2). The impact factor is one way in which journals can be ranked and compared. Originally, the impact factor was intended to help in selecting journals for the Science Citation Index (3). It also provided a mechanism for librarians to better manage their journal collections, and editors and publishers to aid them in marketing their journal and soliciting advertising. The impact factor is affected by the content of the journal, since, in some journals, the numerator will include citations from letters, editorials, news items, etc., whereas other journals will not carry these features. The impact factor of a journal is also affected by whom it is read. Journals read by those who are accustomed to writing and publishing on the topics covered by the journal are likely to have a higher impact factor than journals that are intended for and read by those who are not in the habit of writing articles for publication. Thus, while The Canadian Veterinary Journal has the potential for a higher impact factor than the Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research because of its more extensive numerator content, the Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research can be expected to have a higher impact factor than The Canadian Veterinary Journal because of its author-oriented readership. Examples of journals that have the potential to have a high impact factor are those that publish papers with long reference lists, for example, review articles; publish numbers of papers with multiauthors, because most authors are prone to cite their own publications; publish papers covering a large area of basic research with a rapidly expanding literature, such as molecular biology; publish abstracts from meetings; have a short lag time between acceptance and publication; and encourage self-citation. Consequently, if the impact factor is to be used to evaluate and compare journals, the journals should be alike journals, because a top journal in one field could have an impact factor that is lower than that of the bottom journal in another field. Unintended was use of the impact factor by some universities, research establishments, and even funding organizations to easily and objectively evaluate an individual?s academic accomplishments by rating the quality (merit) of that individual?s publications on the basis of the impact factor of the journal in which they have been published, rather than on the citation rate for each article. It is one thing to assess the quality of a journal by the number of citations to papers published by that journal, it is quite another to assess a paper by the impact factor of the journal it is published in, since the number of citations to particular papers can vary greatly. The Board of the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) has made the following recommendations to WAME members (4). ? More research is needed to evaluate the impact factor and other measures of journal and article quality. ? Journal editors should look beyond impact factor as a summary statistics and present other indicators of journal visibility, such as circulation, number of published articles and the distribution of the citations. ? Journal editors have the responsibility to educate their readers, authors, administrators, and their scientific community in general about impact factor and its relevance, as well as about other measures of journal and article quality. The impact factor probably serves its original purpose of being an easy and objective method of evaluating journals, providing that it is used with an understanding of all the factors that affect it. Doug Hare References 1) Thomson Scientific [homepage on the Internet]. The Impact Factor: Institute for Scientific Information. Available at http://scientific.thomson.com/knowtrend/essays/journalcitationreport Last accessed May 2, 2005. 2) Amin M, Mabe M. Impact factors: use and abuse. Perspectives in Publishing No 1. Kidlington, Oxford: Elsevier Sci, 2000. 3) Garfield E. Journal impact factor: a brief review. CMAJ 1999;161:979?980. 4) World Association of Medical Editors [homepage on the Internet]. WAME Policy Statements: Impact Factor [posted April 7, 2004]. Available at http://www.wame.org/wamestmt.htm Last accessed May 2, 2005. Bibliography 1) Elsevier [homepage on the Internet]. Opthol T. Sense and nonsense about the impact factor 1996. Available from http://www.elsevier.com/homepage/sab/cardio/jnl/538/menu.htm Last accessed May 9, 2005. 2) Seglen PO. Why the impact factor of journals should not be used for evaluating research. BMJ 1997;314:497. Available at http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/314/7079/497 Last accessed May 9, 2005. 3) World Association of Medical Editors [homepage on the Internet]. Impact factor ? WAME Listserve discussion September 12, 2003 ? March 12, 2004. Available at http://www.wame.org/impactfactor.htm Last accessed May 20, 2005. ____________________________________________________________ FRENCH : ?DITORIAL Facteur d?impact des revues La connaissance est la conformit? de l?objet et de l?intellect. Averro?s 1126-1198 Depuis 80 ans, les revues scientifiques sont soumises ? une ?valuation quelconque. Dans les ann?es 1960, l?Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) a commenc? ? publier une ?valuation objective et quantitative, qui s?appelait le facteur d?impact (1). Le facteur d?impact pour une ann?e particuli?re est calcul? en d?terminant le nombre de citations de tous les travaux publi?s par cette revue au cours des deux ann?es pr?c?dentes et en le divisant par le nombre de travaux pouvant ?tre cit?s par la revue au cours de cette m?me p?riode. Les travaux sont consid?r?s comme ?tant des articles, des comptes rendus, des proc?s- verbaux, des ?ditoriaux, des lettres ? la r?daction, des nouvelles, etc., tandis que les travaux pouvant ?tre cit?s se limitent aux articles, aux comptes rendus et aux proc?s verbaux (2). Si l?on utilise une d?finition plus ?troite du facteur d?impact, o? les travaux choisis dans le num?rateur et le d?nominateur sont les m?mes, les facteurs d?impact pour environ 40 % des revues m?dicales seraient r?duits de 10 % (2). Le facteur d?impact est une m?thode de classement et de comparaison des revues. ? l?origine, le facteur d?impact visait ? faciliter la s?lection des revues pour le Science Citation Index (3). Il servait aussi de m?canisme pour aider les biblioth?caires ? mieux g?rer leurs collections de revues et les r?dacteurs en chef et les ?diteurs ? commercialiser les revues et ? solliciter de la publicit?. Le facteur d?impact est influenc? par le contenu de la revue vu que, dans certaines revues, le num?rateur comprend des citations de lettres, d??ditoriaux, d?articles de nouvelles, etc., tandis que d?autres revues ne comporteront pas ces caract?ristiques. Le facteur d?impact d?une revue est ?galement influenc? par les lecteurs. Les revues lues par des personnes habitu?es ? ?crire et ? publier des articles sur les sujets trait?s par la revue auront probablement un facteur d?impact sup?rieur ? celui des revues destin?es ? des lecteurs qui n?ont pas l?habitude de r?diger des articles aux fins de publication. Donc, m?me si La Revue v?t?rinaire canadienne a un facteur d?impact potentiellement sup?rieur ? celui de la Revue canadienne de recherche v?t?rinaire en raison du plus grand contenu de son num?rateur, on peut s?attendre ? ce que la Revue canadienne de recherche v?t?rinaire ait un facteur d?impact sup?rieur ? celui de La Revue v?t?rinaire canadienne en raison de son lectorat d?auteurs. Les revues qui ont le potentiel d?avoir un facteur d?impact ?lev? sont celles qui publient des travaux ayant de longues listes de r?f?rences, comme des comptes rendus; qui publient de nombreux travaux avec plusieurs auteurs, parce que la plupart des auteurs ont tendance ? citer leurs propres publications; qui publient des travaux portant sur un vaste domaine de recherche fondamentale avec une documentation en croissance rapide, comme la biologie mol?culaire; qui publient des r?sum?s de conf?rences; qui pr?sentent un court laps de temps entre l?acceptation et la publication; et celles qui encouragent l?auto-citation. Par cons?quent, si le facteur d?impact sert ? l??valuation et ? la comparaison des revues, ces revues devraient ?tre de nature similaire, parce que la revue la plus consult?e dans un domaine pourrait avoir un facteur d?impact inf?rieur ? celle la moins lue dans un autre domaine. Le facteur d?impact a ensuite ?t? repris par des universit?s, des ?tablissements de recherche et m?me des organismes de financement qui s?en servent pour ?valuer facilement et objectivement les r?alisations universitaires d?une personne en accordant une cote ? la qualit? (m?rite) des publications de cette personne en se fondant sur le facteur d?impact de la revue dans lesquelles ses articles ont ?t? publi?s, plut?t que sur le nombre de citations pour chaque article. C?est une chose d??valuer la qualit? d?une revue par le nombre de citations par rapport aux articles publi?s par cette revue, mais c?en est une autre d??valuer un article en fonction du facteur d?impact de la revue dans laquelle il est publi?, car le nombre de citations peut grandement varier selon les divers articles. Le conseil d?administration de la World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) a pr?sent? les recommandations suivantes aux membres de la WAME (4).  Plus de recherche est n?cessaire afin d??valuer le facteur d?impact et d?autres mesures de la qualit? des revues et des articles.  Les r?dacteurs en chef de revues devraient consid?rer des facteurs autres que le facteur d?impact, qui repr?sente des statistiques sommaires, et se servir d?autres indicateurs de la visibilit? de la revue, comme le tirage, le nombre d?articles publi?s et la r?partition des citations.  Les r?dacteurs en chef des revues ont la responsabilit? d?informer leurs lecteurs, auteurs, administrateurs et leur collectivit? scientifique en g?n?ral relativement au facteur d?impact et ? sa pertinence, ainsi que sur d?autres mesures d??valuation de la qualit? d?une revue et d?un article. Le facteur d?impact r?pond probablement ? son objectif initial d??tre une m?thode facile et objective d??valuation des revues, pourvu qu?il soit utilis? ? la lumi?re de tous les facteurs qui l?influencent. Doug Hare Renvois 1) THOMSON SCIENTIFIC [page d?accueil sur Internet]. The Impact Factor: Institute for Scientific Information. Disponible au http://scientific.thomson.com/knowtrend/essays/journalcitationreport . Derni?re consultation le 2 mai 2005. 2) AMIN, M. et M. MABE. Impact factors: use and abuse. Perspectives in Publishing No 1, Kidlington, Oxford, Elsevier Sci, 2000. 3) GARFIELD, E. ? Journal impact factor: a brief review ?, CMAJ, 1999, vol. 161, p. 979980. 4) WORLD ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL EDITORS [page d?accueil sur Internet]. WAME Policy Statements: Impact Factor [affich? le 7 avril 2004]. Disponible au http://www.wame.org/wamestmt.htm . Derni?re consultation le 2 mai 2005. Bibliographie 1) ELSEVIER [page d?accueil sur]. OPTHOL, T. Sense and nonsense about the impact factor 1996. Disponible au http://www.elsevier.com/homepage/sab/cardio/jnl/538/menu.htm . Derni?re consultation le 9 mai 2005. 2) SEGLEN, P.O. ? Why the impact factor of journals should not be used for evaluating research ?, BMJ, 1997, vol. 314, p. 497. Disponible au http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/314/7079/497 . Derni?re consultation le 9 mai 2005. 3) WORLD ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL EDITORS [page d?accueil sur Internet]. Impact factor  discussion de serveur de liste de la WAME du 12 septembre 2003 au 12 mars 2004. Disponible au http://www.wame.org/impactfactor.htm . Derni?re consultation le 20 mai 2005. From jonathan at LEVITT.NET Sat Dec 3 05:05:57 2005 From: jonathan at LEVITT.NET (Jonathan Levitt) Date: Sat, 3 Dec 2005 10:05:57 -0000 Subject: The purposes of bibliometric research (another newbie / outsider question) Message-ID: Hi, I would like to thank all who responded to my posting (both via the list and to me directly). Their responses have not only enriched my survey but also added to my understanding of infometrics. Thank you very much, Jonathan. From harnad at ECS.SOTON.AC.UK Mon Dec 5 16:39:44 2005 From: harnad at ECS.SOTON.AC.UK (Stevan Harnad) Date: Mon, 5 Dec 2005 21:39:44 +0000 Subject: DASER 2 IR Meeting and NIH Public Access Policy Message-ID: ** Apologies for cross-posting ** This is a summary (from my own viewpoint) of the Washington meeting this weekend sponsored by American Society for Information Science & Technology (ASIST), organized by Michael Leach (Harvard, President, ASIS): Digital Archives for Science and Engineering Resources (DASER 2) http://www.daser.org/program.html (For some other slants on DASER 2, see these two blogs; but beware, as they do contain some notable garbles and omissions, having been blogged in real time: Dorothea Salo http://cavlec.yarinareth.net/ and Christina Pikas http://asistdaser.tripod.com/daserblog/ ) DASER 2 rehearsed some familiar developments, highlighted some of them, and brought out one potentially important new one (re. the NIH Public Access Policy). The familiar developments were the worldwide growth in institutional repositories (IRs), and in new services to help institutions to create, maintain or even host IRs: ProQuest (using Bepress software), BioMed Central (using Dspace software) and Eprints Services (using Eprints software). Fedora software was also discussed, but it was quite apparent (at least to me!) that at this DASER meeting, whose specific focus was digital science/engineering resources -- hence Open Access (OA) IRs in particular, targeting the self-archiving of institutional peer-reviewed science/engineering article output, in order to maximise its visibility, usage and impact, rather than digital curation in general -- Fedora's much wider and more diffuse target (the collection and curation of any and all institutional digital content, incoming or outgoing, research or otherwise) was not the urgent priority. Indeed, there are good reasons for expecting that if the IR movement first puts its full weight and energy behind the focussed archiving of 100% of each institution's own OA IR target content, that will itself prove to be the most effective way to launch and advance the more general digital-curation agenda too. There was likewise considerable time devoted to the future of publishing, with much discussion of OA publishing and the possibility of an eventual transition to OA publishing. But here too, the lesson was that the best contribution that OA IRs in particular can make to this possible/eventual transition is to hasten their own transition to the institutional self-archiving of 100% of their own OA target content. Present and contributing very constructively were the two Learned Society Publishers in whose discipline author self-archiving has been going on the longest, and has gone the farthest (having reached 100% years ago in some fields): The American Physical Society (the first publisher to adopt [in 1994] an explicit "green" policy on author self-archiving [today about 76% of publishers and 93% of journals are green]) and the Institute of Physics (likewise green, along with some notable experiments in "gold" OA publishing). The keynote speaker was Jan Velterop, formerly publisher of "pure gold" BioMed Central, and now director of OA for Springer's "optional gold" Open Choice. Jan's main concern was (understandably) to encourage authors to pick the gold option and to encourage their institutions and research councils to fund the author costs. Jan applauded the growth in the IR movement but noted a substantial decrease in the number of postings on the American Scientist Open Access Forum (AmSci) in 2004-2005 compared to prior years, and worried that this might reflect a decrease in OA momentum. On the contrary: the decreased AmSci volume was intentional. In 2004, a new policy for AmSci postings was announced, reserving the Forum for concrete, practical discussion of institutional and research-funder OA policy design and implementation. AmSci's former open-ended (and unending) philosophical and ideological debate about open access was instead redirected to the many other OA lists that have spawned since the AmSci OA Forum's inception in 1998: "[T]his Forum, the first of what is now a half dozen lists devoted to OA matters, is -- as has been announced several times -- now reserved for the discussion of concrete, practical means of accelerating OA growth." [December 2004] http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Hypermail/Amsci/4226.html The DASER conference also devoted time and thought to the future of librarians in the digital and OA era; again, insofar as IRs are concerned, a good investment of librarians' available time, energy and resources is in helping to create and fill IRs, first OA IRs, and then eventually expanding them to wider and wider digital content, thereby again facilitating the inevitable and desirable transition. (My own personal view, however, is that librarians should abstain from speculation about the future of peer review, which is not really their field of expertise; I also think retraining librarians to become institutional in-house publishers may not be the best use of their time and talents.) That librarians can be an enormous help in getting institutional authors to deposit their OA content in their IRs was illustrated in my own talk, using examples from around the world (CERN, Portugal, Southampton) but with especially striking data from Australia (with thanks to Arthur Sale and Paula Callan). I also reported on the growing evidence for the dramatic OA research impact advantage across all disciplines, now including the humanities and social sciences, and its implications for research and researcher funding and progress.. The OA impact advantage, IRs, and librarian-help are all *necessary* conditions for filling IRs with OA content, but to make them into a jointly *sufficient* condition, one further critical component is needed, and this has been demonstrated in case after case: The only IRs that are well along the road toward toward 100% OA are the ones that also have an institutional self-archiving requirement. Without that, spontaneous OA self-archiving is hovering at about 5% - 15% globally.. Which brings us to the last and newest development reported at DASER: The NIH public access policy is flawed and failing -- its deposit rate is at about 2%, which is even *below* the global average for spontaneous self-archiving. But the good news is that NIH has realized this, and is planning to do something about it. The question is: what? There is a committee to look at this question, but at a quick glance, it does not seem to include those who actually know what needs to be done, and how, to make the NIH policy work. Represented are librarians and publishers, but missing are the institutional OA policy-makers that can make self-archiving work. But the solution is simple, and NIH can do it, very easily. First, it is important to face the 3 flaws of the current NIH policy very forthrightly. Here they are, in order of severity: (1) Deposit is *requested* rather than *required*. (2) The request is not for immediate deposit but deposit within one year of publication. (3) The request is for deposit in PubMed Central (PMC) (rather than in the author's IR, from which PMC could harvest it). The reason the deposit is not required and not immediate is related to the reason the deposit is in PMC instead of the author's own IR: NIH has cast itself in the role of a 3rd-party access-provider. This is fine, for its own funded research. But then it must deal with its publishers and their conditions (which include access-embargoes of up to 12 months, in order to protect against perceived risks to their revenues). OA itself does not require a 3rd-party access-provider. All it requires is OA! And for that, any OAI-compliant archive, whether the author's own institutional IR or a central repository like PMC will do, because they are all equivalent and interoperable, in the OAI-compliant age, and all accessible to any user or harvester webwide. So NIH can have what it wants -- 100% of its funded content in PMC within a year of publication -- while still requiring deposit immediately upon acceptance (preferably in the author's IR, harvestable by PMC, but absent that, direct deposited in PMC). That leaves only the question of how to set the access-privileges, and now those can be merely the subject of a (strong) request to set them to OA immediately upon deposit -- but with the option left open (sic) for the author to set access instead as restricted to institution-internal and PMC-harvestable (or, for PMC, PMC-administrative-only) if the author has reason to prefer that (the reason presumably being that the article is published in one of the 7% of journals that are not yet "green" on immediate OA self-archiving). Is this merely a way of tweaking the current NIH policy so as to get deposits up to 100% without getting immediate OA up to 100%? The answer is: Yes and No. Yes, this policy will immediately drive up NIH deposits from their current 2% level to 100%, because deposit will be a fulfilment condition on receiving the NIH grant. But no, it is not true that it will not generate immediate 100% OA. For it can generate that too, with a far smaller delay-loop than 12 months: something more of the order of 12 hours at most: The solution is very simple (and we are already building it into the Eprints IR software): The metadata (author, title, journal, date, abstract) are of course all immediately OA for 100% of deposited papers, regardless of how the access-privileges for the full-text are set. That means that from the moment the text is deposited, the metadata are visible and accessible to all would-be users webwide, thanks to OAI and the OAI search engines, as well as to google scholar and the non-OAI search engines. But what about the full-text? For about 7% of journal articles (the ones in the non-green journals), access will not be immediately set to OA. What the Eprints software will do when a would-be user encounters this dead-end is that the IR interface will provide a link that will pop up a window allowing the user to send an automatic email to the author (whose email address is part of the IR's internal metadata) requesting to be emailed an eprint of the full-text in question. The requester's email will be sent by the software -- automatically and immediately -- to the author, with a prepared URL that the author need merely click on, in order to have the eprint immediately emailed to the would-be user. This author-mediated access-provision is not quite as convenient, instantaneous or sensible as immediately setting the full-text to unmediated OA, so the user can just click to down-load it, but it is effective 100% OA just the same. And NIH can (as now) harvest the full-text whenever it likes, and can go on to make it OA in PMC whenever it elects to. None of that will be holding back OA any longer. This immediate-deposit requirement is also the form that the RCUK policy is now taking; and it offers a general model for the rest of the world to adopt too. Note that this slightly modified policy completely side-lines all publisher objections: It is merely a deposit requirement, not an OA access-setting requirement. It is left up to researchers and the would-be users of their research to sort out access-provision according to the needs of research -- exactly as it should be. This is of course also the policy that institutions should adopt, for their own institutional research output, whether or not funded by NIH or RCUK. An immediate-deposit requirement will result in IRs worldwide filling virtually overnight (at long last). (The other thing NIH should do is to couple its deposit requirement with an explicit statement of NIH's readiness to cover OA journal publication charges for those NIH fundees who choose to publish their findings in an OA journal.) Stevan Harnad AMERICAN SCIENTIST OPEN ACCESS FORUM: A complete Hypermail archive of the ongoing discussion of providing open access to the peer-reviewed research literature online (1998-2005) is available at: http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Hypermail/Amsci/ To join or leave the Forum or change your subscription address: http://amsci-forum.amsci.org/archives/American-Scientist-Open-Access-Forum.html Post discussion to: american-scientist-open-access-forum at amsci.org UNIVERSITIES: If you have adopted or plan to adopt an institutional policy of providing Open Access to your own research article output, please describe your policy at: http://www.eprints.org/signup/sign.php UNIFIED DUAL OPEN-ACCESS-PROVISION POLICY: BOAI-1 ("green"): Publish your article in a suitable toll-access journal http://romeo.eprints.org/ OR BOAI-2 ("gold"): Publish your article in a open-access journal if/when a suitable one exists. http://www.doaj.org/ AND in BOTH cases self-archive a supplementary version of your article in your institutional repository. http://www.eprints.org/self-faq/ http://archives.eprints.org/ http://openaccess.eprints.org/ From harnad at ECS.SOTON.AC.UK Tue Dec 6 19:28:59 2005 From: harnad at ECS.SOTON.AC.UK (Stevan Harnad) Date: Wed, 7 Dec 2005 00:28:59 +0000 Subject: Open Letter about OA to the Royal Society by Fellows of the Royal Society Message-ID: Forty two Fellows of the Royal Society (including 5 Nobel Laureates) have signed the following Open Letter to Lord Martin Rees expressing concern about the Society's statement on open access http://www.frsopenletter.org/ From loet at LEYDESDORFF.NET Tue Dec 13 03:05:53 2005 From: loet at LEYDESDORFF.NET (Loet Leydesdorff) Date: Tue, 13 Dec 2005 09:05:53 +0100 Subject: No subject Message-ID: Loet Leydesdorff and Iina Hellsten, Measuring the Meaning of Words in Contexts: An automated analysis of controversies about 'Monarch butterflies,' 'Frankenfoods,' and 'stem cells' Scientometrics, 67(2) (2006), forthcoming. Co-words have been considered as carriers of meaning across different domains in studies of science, technology, and society. Words and co-words, however, obtain meaning in sentences, and sentences obtain meaning in their contexts of use. At the science/society interface, words can be expected to have different meanings: the codes of communication that provide meaning to words differ on the varying sides of the interface. Furthermore, meanings and interfaces may change over time. Given this structuring of meaning across interfaces and over time, we distinguish between metaphors and diaphors as reflexive mechanisms that facilitate the translation between contexts. Our empirical focus is on three recent scientific controversies: Monarch butterflies, Frankenfoods, and stem-cell therapies. This study explores new avenues that relate the study of co-word analysis in context with the sociological quest for the analysis and processing of meaning. _____ Loet Leydesdorff Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR) Kloveniersburgwal 48, 1012 CX Amsterdam Tel.: +31-20- 525 6598; fax: +31-20- 525 3681 loet at leydesdorff.net ; http://www.leydesdorff.net/ The Knowledge-Based Economy: Modeled, Measured, and Simulated The Self-Organization of the Knowledge-Based Society; The Challenge of Scientometrics -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From notsjb at LSU.EDU Tue Dec 13 11:37:37 2005 From: notsjb at LSU.EDU (Stephen J. Bensman) Date: Tue, 13 Dec 2005 11:37:37 -0500 Subject: Scientific Journal Shenanigans Message-ID: Recently I posted a Chronicle of Higher Education article discussing various editorial and other shenanigans involved in the manipulation of impact factors. However, these are nothing compared to the shenanigans involved in the writing and publishing of articles in medical journals. Below is pasted the front page article in today's The Wall Street Journal detailing these shenanigans. It does open to question just what kind of "quality" is being measured by citations. What is going on appears to be downright dangerous. SB December 13, 2005 PAGE ONE DOW JONES REPRINTS Ghost Story At Medical Journals, Writers Paid by Industry Play Big Role Articles Appear Under Name Of Academic Researchers, But They Often Get Help J&J Receives a Positive 'Spin' By ANNA WILDE MATHEWS Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL December 13, 2005; Page A1 In 2001, the American Journal of Kidney Diseases published an article that touted the use of synthetic vitamin D. Its author was listed as Alex J. Brown, an associate professor at Washington University in St. Louis. But recently, that same article was featured as a work sample by a different person: Michael Anello, a free-lance medical writer, who posted a summary of it on his Web site. Mr. Anello says he was hired to write the article by a communications firm working for Abbott Laboratories, which makes a version of the vitamin D product. Dr. Brown agrees he got help in writing but says he redid part of the draft. It's an example of an open secret in medicine: Many of the articles that appear in scientific journals under the bylines of prominent academics are actually written by ghostwriters in the pay of drug companies. These seemingly objective articles, which doctors around the world use to guide their care of patients, are often part of a marketing campaign by companies to promote a product or play up the condition it treats. A HIDDEN ROLE? Now questions about the practice are mounting as medical journals face unprecedented scrutiny of their role as gatekeeper for scientific information. Last week, the New England Journal of Medicine admitted that a 2000 article it published highlighting the advantages of Merck & Co.'s Vioxx painkiller omitted information about heart attacks among patients taking the drug. The journal has said the deletions were made by someone working from a Merck computer. Merck says the heart attacks happened after the study's cutoff date and it did nothing wrong. The Annals of Internal Medicine tightened its policies on writer disclosure this year after a University of Arizona professor listed as the lead author of a Vioxx article in 2003 said he had little to do with the research in it. The practice of letting ghostwriters hired by communications firms draft journal articles -- sometimes with acknowledgment, often without -- has served many parties well. Academic scientists can more easily pile up high- profile publications, the main currency of advancement. Journal editors get clearly written articles that look authoritative because of their well- credentialed authors. Increasingly, though, editors and some academics are stepping forward to criticize the practice, saying it could hurt patients by giving doctors biased information. "Scientific research is not public relations," says Robert Califf, vice chancellor of clinical research at Duke University Medical Center. "If you're a firm hired by a company trying to sell a product, it's an entirely different thing than having an open mind for scientific inquiry. ...What would happen to a PR firm that wrote a paper that said this product stinks? Do you think their contract would be renewed?" Drug companies say they're providing a service to busy academic researchers, some of whom may not be skilled writers. The companies say they don't intend for their ghostwriters to bias the tone of articles that appear under the researchers' names. Authors "have to sign off on everything," says Mark Horn, a Pfizer Inc. medical director. "This is properly viewed as a way to more efficiently make the transition from raw data to finished manuscript." Professors who get writing help generally say they give the writers input and check the work carefully. The criticism of ghostwriting is one of several issues that have put scientific journals on the defensive. Even journal editors acknowledge they have sometimes done a poor job of detecting when articles cherry-pick favorable data to promote a particular drug or treatment. Some health insurers have stopped taking what they read in the journals on faith and are employing analysts to scrutinize articles for negative data that are buried. It's hard to say how widespread ghostwriting is. An analysis presented at a medical-journal conference in September found that just 10% of articles on studies sponsored by the drug industry that appeared in top medical journals disclosed help from a medical writer. Often the help isn't disclosed. An informal poll of 71 free-lance medical writers by the American Medical Writers Association found that 80% had written at least one manuscript that didn't mention their contributions. In the case of the vitamin D article, Dr. Brown says Abbott asked him to write it but he didn't have time. He had written an earlier article on the subject. "They said they would have one of their people write it, update my old review article and I would check it," he recalls. Mr. Anello, a Milwaukee writer who studied biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin, says he wrote the new article. "I've done a lot of ghostwriting jobs," he says, adding that sometimes he works closely with the named authors. (See related document excerpts3.) Dr. Brown says he had to rewrite "at least 30% to 40%" of Mr. Anello's draft. In retrospect, he says, he probably should have asked Abbott who Mr. Anello was and "if that person should be acknowledged." Abbott said the article's content was "under the complete discretion" of Dr. Brown and didn't discuss details. The journal's managing editor declined to comment because the journal is under new management. Following questions from The Wall Street Journal, Mr. Anello removed the article summary from his Web site. Until recently, his online bibliography listed other scientific publications he has written under others' bylines that have yet to be published. The byline on one was "author to be named." Medical writers frequently have scientific backgrounds. Some work for universities, drug companies or medical-communications firms, while others are free-lancers who typically get $90 to $120 an hour. A communications firm may charge $30,000 or more to have a team of writers, editors and graphic designers put together an article. Some of these firms are part of larger companies in publishing and advertising such as Thomson Corp. and Reed Elsevier PLC. Elsevier's Excerpta Medica unit helps clients craft publications for prestigious scientific journals. Elsevier itself publishes many such journals, most notably The Lancet. Excerpta Medica says on its Web site that its relationship with its corporate parent's journals "allows us access to editors and editorial boards." (See related excerpt4.) But Sabine Kleinert, an executive editor at The Lancet, says she has never worked with Excerpta Medica and rejects articles that have a marketing spin. "Promotion has a different goal than publishing a legitimate research study," says Dr. Kleinert. She suspects companies sometimes influence medical writers "to write it up in a certain way to make a product sound more efficacious than it is." A 1999 document that turned up in a lawsuit describes Pfizer's publications strategy for its antidepressant Zoloft. The document, prepared by a unit of ad giant WPP Group, includes 81 different articles proposed for journals. They would promote the drug's use in conditions from panic disorder to pedophilia. (See related excerpt5.) Author 'to Be Determined' For some articles, the name of the author was listed as "TBD," or "to be determined," even though the article or a draft was listed as already completed. Several of the listed articles ultimately ran in scientific publications -- including one in JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association -- without disclosing the role of outside writers. In a statement responding to questions from The Wall Street Journal, Pfizer said agencies sometimes "pull together first draft manuscripts" based on information provided by researchers who will serve as authors. It says the academics who were later given credit as lead authors of the "TBD" articles were instrumental in designing the studies that the articles described. The lead authors said they had input into the drafts and approved the final papers. In recent years, more journal editors have begun demanding that academic authors of studies explain their exact roles and disclose any work by medical writers. The editors say the writers can perform a valuable role so long as it's disclosed to readers. Writers agree -- and the American Medical Writers Association is pressing for greater acknowledgment of its members' work. But some medical writers say they fear articles with full disclosure are likely to get bounced. Editors "say they want disclosure, but if you do it, they scream, 'ghostwriter!' " says Art Gertel, who oversees medical writing at Beardsworth Consulting Group in Flemington, N.J. "Despite the cries for transparency, the journal editors still feel that there's an element of corruption if a medical writer is paid by a drug company." Catherine DeAngelis, JAMA's editor in chief, says even a conscientious journal can only go so far in policing academics. "I don't give lie- detector tests to people," Dr. DeAngelis says. BMJ, a British medical journal, has one of the toughest disclosure policies, but it can get misled. Last year, a note at the end of a BMJ article on painkillers and asthma said the article was "conceived and initiated" by its three academic authors. Lead author Christine Jenkins "performed the analysis and drafted the paper," the note said, adding that the work wasn't funded by a drug company. Dr. Jenkins is a senior researcher at Australia's Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, which has ties to the University of Sydney. (See related excerpts6.) In fact, a medical writer paid by GlaxoSmithKline PLC helped draft the manuscript, the drug company confirms. The analysis was almost identical to an earlier, unpublished one that the company says was "initiated" by that writer. Both analyses concluded that acetaminophen or Tylenol (sold under a different name by GlaxoSmithKline in Britain) was safer for asthma patients than aspirin or other painkillers. (See related excerpts7.) Dr. Jenkins says the structure of her work was "suggested" by the company version but she and the other authors did their own analysis. Dr. Jenkins says she personally "wrote a very large chunk" of the BMJ article and worked closely with the writer. Dr. Jenkins and GlaxoSmithKline declined to give the writer's name. Dr. Jenkins says she didn't know that the company paid the writer. GlaxoSmithKline didn't pay Dr. Jenkins for the BMJ article, but the company previously paid her to speak at a conference and has given a major grant to the Woolcock Institute. In a statement, GlaxoSmithKline says the paper "should have disclosed the involvement of a medical writer compensated by GSK." The company says it "regards the omission as a lapse on the part of GSK." Fiona Godlee, BMJ's editor, says Dr. Jenkins "should have declared the involvement of the medical writer." Dr. Godlee says the journal will print papers that involve a medical writer, but she believes "the actual authors have to be incredibly closely involved." When articles are ghostwritten by someone paid by a company, the big question is whether the article gets slanted. That's what one former free- lance medical writer alleges she was told to do by a company hired by Johnson & Johnson. Instruction Sheet Susanna Dodgson, who holds a doctorate in physiology, says she was hired in 2002 by Excerpta Medica, the Elsevier medical-communications firm, to write an article about J&J's anemia drug Eprex. A J&J unit had sponsored a study measuring whether Eprex patients could do well taking the drug only once a week. The company was facing competition from a rival drug sold by Amgen Inc. that could be given once a week or less. Dr. Dodgson says she was given an instruction sheet directing her to emphasize the "main message of the study" -- that 79.3% of people with anemia had done well on a once-a-week Eprex dose. In fact, only 63.2% of patients responded well as defined by the original study protocol, according to a report she was provided. That report said the study's goal "could not be reached." Both the instruction sheet and the report were viewed by The Wall Street Journal. The higher figure Dr. Dodgson was asked to highlight used a broader definition of success and excluded patients who dropped out of the trial or didn't adhere to all its rules. The instructions noted that some patients on large doses didn't seem to do well with the once-weekly administration but warned that this point "has not been discussed with marketing and is not definitive!" The Eprex study appeared last year in the journal Clinical Nephrology, highlighting the 79.3% figure without mentioning the lower one. The article didn't acknowledge Dr. Dodgson or Excerpta Medica. Dr. Dodgson, who now teaches medical writing at the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, says she didn't like the Eprex assignment "but I had to earn a living." The listed lead author, Paul Barr? of McGill University in Montreal, says Excerpta Medica did "a lot of the scutwork" but he had "complete freedom" to change its drafts. Dr. Barr? says he helped design the study and enroll patients in it. In statements, J&J and Excerpta Medica offered similar explanations of the process. J&J says it regularly uses outside firms "to expedite the development of independent, peer-reviewed publications." A J&J spokesman said he wasn't familiar with the details of the instruction sheet and referred questions about the highlighted data to Dr. Barr?, who said he never interacted with J&J's marketing department and doesn't believe the article was biased. He said the higher figure was "more representative" because those patients followed the study's rules. "Without wanting to distort data, you always want to put the spin that's more positive for the article," Dr. Barr? says. "You're more likely to get it published." Hartmut Malluche, an editor of Clinical Nephrology, declined to comment on details of the article. The journal doesn't require authors to disclose the role of medical writers. But after hearing Dr. Dodgson's story, Dr. Malluche said he would suggest changing the policy. "It's not good if the company has control over the article," he says. Some academics are protesting ghostwriting. Adriane Fugh-Berman, an associate professor at the Georgetown University School of Medicine, says she received an email last year from a company hired by drug maker AstraZeneca PLC. The email offered her the chance to get credit for writing an article. "... [W]e will forward you a draft for your input so that you would need only to review and then advise us of any changes required," it said. She says she was shown a draft but declined the offer. Then the Journal of General Internal Medicine asked her to peer-review a version of the same article, submitted by a different researcher. She decided to go public, and wrote about her experience in the journal. AstraZeneca and the communications firm say it was all a mistake. Dr. Fugh- Berman should have been shown a different article from the one she was later asked to peer-review, they say. The article for peer review was in fact written by the author who submitted it to the journal, they say. AstraZeneca says it "does not support the practice of ghostwriting" and always discloses any support it gives to academic authors. John Farrar, a pain expert at the University of Pennsylvania, says he once turned down a company's offer to give him a ghostwritten draft about a study on which he had worked. "They said, 'That's unusual,' " Dr. Farrar recalls. He wanted to write the manuscript himself because "you can put your spin on it. ...The way it is written -- the way it's structured -- is yours." Write to Anna Wilde Mathews at anna.mathews at wsj.com8 URL for this article: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB113443606745420770.html From eugene.garfield at THOMSON.COM Tue Dec 13 16:00:32 2005 From: eugene.garfield at THOMSON.COM (Eugene Garfield) Date: Tue, 13 Dec 2005 16:00:32 -0500 Subject: Tibor Braun, Wolfgang Gl=?ISO-8859-1?Q?=E4nzel_and_Andr=E1s?= Schubert "A Hirsch-type index for journals" The Scientist Vol:19 #22 p.8. November 21, 2005 Message-ID: Tibor Braun : braun at mail.iif.hu TITLE : A Hirsch-type index for journals AUTHOR: Tibor Braun, Wolfgang Gl?nzel and Andr?s Schubert SOURCE: The Scientist Vol:19 #22 p.8. November 21, 2005 Table 1: Journals with the Higest H-Index for their 2001 Papers Rank by Journal Title Journal h-index Rank by 2001 h-index Impact Factor _______ ______________ ________________ ______________ 1 Nature 157 10 2 Science 155 13 3-4 New England Journal of Medicine 113 5 3-4 Proceedings of the National 113 55 Academy of Sciences (USA) 5 Cell 109 3 6 Journal of Biological Chemistry 100 95 7 Physical Review Letters 96 118 8 Lancet 89 60 9 Circulation 86 54 10 Nature Genetics 85 4 SOURCE: Web of Science, accessed September 16, 2005 Re: the h index.1 We suggest that a h-type index ? equal to h if you have published h papers, each of which has at least h citations ? would be a useful supplement to journal impact factors. First, it is robust and therefore insensitive to an accidental excess of uncited papers and also to one or several outstandingly highly cited papers. Second, it combines the effect of "quantity" (number of publications) and "quality" (citation rate) in a rather specific, balanced way that should reduce the apparent "overrating" of some small review journals. The journal h-index would not be calculated for a "lifetime contribution," as suggested by Hirsch for individual scientists, but for a definite period ? in the simplest case for a single year. Fortunately, the Web of Science database offers a very simple way to determine the annual h-index of a journal without the need for any off-line data processing. Retrieving all source items of a given journal from a given year and sorting them by the number of times cited, it is easy to find the highest rank number which is still lower than the corresponding times cited value. This is exactly the h-index of the journal for the given year. We chose 2001 as a starting year, and looked for citations until the time of accessing the database on September 16, 2005. We used the Journal Citation Reports 2001 for comparative impact factor data. The list of the ten journals with the highest h-index for their 2001 papers is given in Table 1. Conspicuously, the first and second ranked journals of the 2001 impact factor list ? the Annual Review of Immunology and the Annual Review of Biochemistry ? are missing from the table. Since they published 24 and 23 papers, respectively, in 2001, they had no chance to compete with the chart toppers, because the h-index cannot be larger than the number of papers it is based on. This in no way meant to belittle the significance of these journals, but does stress the different dimensions emphasized by the two indicators. Not surprisingly, the majority of the journals in the table below are from the biomedical field, a fact that underlines the necessity of discipline- specific evaluation of this indicator, as well. Nevertheless, beyond the two multidisciplinary journals leading the list, there are two physics journals (Physical Review Letters and Astrophysical Journal) and one from chemistry (Journal of the American Chemical Society) in the top 20. These three journals ? the most prestigious in their fields ? ranked outside the top 100 by impact factor, which demonstrates the slightly more balanced character of this indicator. On the other hand, the highest journal h-index in mathematics is 12, for the Journal of Functional Analysis, which, with a multiple tie somewhere around the 1500th position is certainly meaningless if the real "impact" of the journal is sought. Hirsch's h-type indices will certainly challenge scientometrists and other number crunchers for a while. Tibor Braun Wolfgang Gl?nzel Andr?s Schubert Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest Lor?nd E?tv?s University Budapest Steunpunt O&O Statistieken K. U. Leuven, Leuven Hungary. braun at mail.iif.hu From eugene.garfield at THOMSON.COM Wed Dec 14 15:30:46 2005 From: eugene.garfield at THOMSON.COM (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 15:30:46 -0500 Subject: Papers presented at ISSI 2005: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics, Vols 1 and 2. 2005. Stockholm. Message-ID: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of the ISSI. Stockholm, 2005. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Blaise Cronin : bcronin at indiana.edu TITLE: Warm bodies, cold facts: The embodiment and emplacement of knowledge claims (Article, English) AUTHOR: Cronin, B SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.1-12 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: The texts we write and the texts we cite bear the marks of the epistemic cultures, socio-cognitive networks and physical places to which we belong at different stages of our professional lives. Scholarly texts emerge from webs of social relationships, yet there is no trace of these relationships in the formal, scientific record. The social substrate of science may be largely invisible-and for very good reason- but it is by no means inconsequential. In this talk I argue the case for a tighter coupling of bibliometrics with biography and of scientometrics with sociometrics. In so doing I raise a number of questions: 'How do personal connections and affective ties in the workplace influence or prefigure the depersonalized data that furnish the raw material of scientometrics?' 'What is the epistemic significance of collegiality and context?' 'How important are physical proximity and place in the construction of knowledge claims and, ultimately, in the allocation of credit?' The issues foregrounded by these and related questions constitute the stuff of socio-scientometrics. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Henry Small : henry.small at thomson.com TITLE: Tracking and predicting growth areas in science (Article, English) AUTHOR: Small, H SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.13-23 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: We explore the possibility of using co-citation clusters over three time periods to track the emergence and growth of research areas, and predict their near term change. Data sets are from three overlapping six-year periods: 1996-2001, 1997-2002 and 1998-2003. The methodologies of co-citation clustering, mapping, and string formation are reviewed, and a measure of cluster currency is defined as the average age of highly cited papers relative to the year span of the data set. An association is found between the currency variable in a prior period and the percentage change in cluster size and citation frequency in the following period. Various approaches to measuring growth and change in research fields are discussed. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Olle Persson : Olle.Persson at soc.umu.se TITLE: Exploring the analytical potential of comparing citing and cited source items (Article, English) AUTHOR: Persson, O SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.24-33 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Comparing properties of citing and cited source items opens a wide variety of analytical possibilities. In a study of citations among papers in the journal Scientometrics a number of analytical themes are identified. The analysis shows: the way in which a citation graph can be decomposed into different subparts; country specific citation patterns; the effects of self-citations and domestic citations; the mapping of cited author relationships using direct citation and co-citation links; and time slicing effects on impact ranking of countries and papers. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Title: Knowledge integrators or weak links? Inventor-authors: An exploratory comparison of patenting researchers with their non-inventing peers in nano-science and technology Author(s): Meyer M Source: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2 : 34-44, 2005 Editor(s): Ingwersen P, Larsen B Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 31 Conference Information: 10th International Conference of the I nternational- Society-for-Scientometrics-and-Informatrics Stockholm, SWEDEN, JUL 24-28, 2005 Int Soc Scientomet & Informat Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between scientific publication and patenting activity. More specifically, this research examines for the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology whether researchers who both publish and patent are more productive and more highly cited than their peers who concentrate on scholarly publication in communicating their research results. This study is based on an analysis of nano-science publications and nanotechnology patents of a small set of European countries. While only a very small number of nano-scientists appear to hold patents in nanotechnology, a considerable number of nano- inventors seem to be actively publishing nano-science research. Overall, the patenting scientists appear to outperform their solely publishing, non- inventing peers in terms of publication counts and citation frequency. However, a closer examination of the highly active and cited nano-authors points to a slightly different situation. While still over-represented in among the highly cited authors, inventor-authors appear not to be among the most highly cited authors in that category with one notable exception. Addresses: Univ Sussex, SPRU, Freman Ctr, Brighton BN1 9QE, E Sussex England Publisher: KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, BOX 200, STOCKHOLM, SE-171 77, SWEDEN IDS Number: BDC93 ISBN: 91-7140-339-6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Visualizing 60 years of anthrax research (Article, English) AUTHOR: Morris, SA; Boyack, KW SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.45-55 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM Abstract: Using a collection of 2472 papers covering 60 years of anthrax research, we demonstrate three techniques for visualizing and mapping knowledge in a scientific specialty. Timelines, maps of clusters of papers by time, reveal the temporal changes in the specialty. Crossmaps, maps of the correspondence of groups of entities of different entity-types, reveal overlapping relations among sub-specialties within the specialty. Usage plots, maps of entity usage over time, allow visualization of emergence and obsolescence in the specialty of key entities such as seminal references and important researchers. The timeline visualization of the anthrax collection of papers reveals that anthrax research grew in two distinct phases, and that the specialty experienced major disruptions in reaction to the Soviet anthrax bioweapons accident at Sverdlovsk in 1979, and the anthrax postal bioterror attacks in the United States in 2001. A crossmap of research fronts to reference clusters reveals groups of key references in the specialty, and the overlapping relation of those groups to research topics in the specialty. A usage plot of references reveals the temporal emergence and obsolescence of key groups of references in the specialty. Addresses: Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA Publisher: KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, BOX 200, STOCKHOLM, SE-171 77, SWEDEN IDS Number: BDC93 ISBN: 91-7140-339-6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Identifying small-world connectors across an academic web space - A webometric study (Article, English) AUTHOR: Bjorneborn, L SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.56-66 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: This webometric study identifies web links, pages, and sites that function as small-world connectors affecting short link distances across topics in an academic web space. A five-step methodology is developed to sample and identify small-world properties by zooming stepwise into more and more fine-grained web node levels and link structures among 7669 subsites harvested from 109 UK universities. The methodology includes shortest path nets functioning as investigable small- world link structures, 'mini small worlds', generated by deliberate juxtaposition of topically dissimilar subsites. The network analysis tool Pajek identified all shortest link paths within the data set between 10 pairs of subsites. The study includes a novel corona-shaped model of reachability structures in a web subgraph. Indicative findings suggest that personal link creators and computer science subsites may be important small-world connectors across sites and topics in an academic web space. Such small-world connectors are important as they counteract balkanization of the Web into insularities of disconnected and unreachable subpopulations. The study also suggests how the Web is a web of genres with richly diversified genre connectivity and with genre drift, i.e. changes in page genres along link paths that may affect small- world properties. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Motivations for URL citations to open access library and information science articles (Article, English) AUTHOR: Kousha, K; Thelwall, M SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.67-77 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: We define URL citations as mentions of an URL in the text of a Web page, whether hyperlinked or not. The proportions of formal and informal scholarly motivations for creating URL citations to the Library and Information Science open access journal articles were identified. Five characteristics for each source of URL citations equivalent to formal citations were manually extracted and the relationship between Web and conventional citation counts at the e-journal level was examined. Results showed that 282 research articles published in the year 2000 in 15 peer-reviewed LIS open access journals were invoked by 3045 URL citations. Of these URL citations, 43% were created for formal scholarly reasons equivalent to traditional citation and 18% for informal scholarly reasons. Of the sources of URL citations, 82% were in English, 88% were full text papers and 58% were non-HTML documents. Of the URL citations, 60% were text URLs only and 40% were hyperlinked. About 50% of URL citations were created within one year after the publication of the cited e-article. A slight correlation was found between average numbers of URL citations and average numbers of ISI citations for the journals in 2000. Separating out the citing HTML and non-HTML documents showed that formal scholarly communication trends on the Web were mainly influenced by text URL citations from non-HTML documents. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Limits and feasibility of cositation method on the Web. An experiment on the french speaking Web (Article, English) AUTHOR: Prime-Claverie, C; Beigbeder, M; Lafouge, T SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.78-86 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Expectations versus reality - Web search engines at the beginning of 2005 (Article, English) AUTHOR: Bar-Ilan, J SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.87-96 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Web research is based on data from or about the Web. Often data is collected using search engines. Here we describe our "wish list" for the ideal search engine, explain the need for the specific features and examine whether the currently existing major search engines can at least partially fulfil the requirements from the ultimate search tool. The major search tools are commercial and are oriented towards the "average" user and not towards the Web researcher, and therefore are unable to meet all the requests. One possible solution is for the research community to recruit the necessary funding, resources and know- how in order to build a research-oriented search tool. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Research productivity in the Internet era (Article, English) AUTHOR: Barjak, F SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.97-108 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: The present study investigated the relationship between the use of different internet applications and research productivity, controlling for other influences on the latter. The control variables included dummies for country, discipline, gender and type of organization of the respondent; as well as variables for age, recognition, the degree of society-related and career-related motivation for research, and the size of the collaboration net-work. Simple variance analyses and more complex negative binomial hurdle models point to a positive relationship between internet use (for personal communication, information retrieval and information dissemination) and research productivity. However, the results should be interpreted with caution as it was not possible to test the role of the internet against other pre-internet tools which fulfil the same functions. Thus instance it may not be the use of e-mail per se, but the degree of communicating with colleagues that makes a productive scientist. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Journal diffusion factors and their mathematical relations with the number of citations and with the impact factor (Article, English) AUTHOR: Egghe, L SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.109-120 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: If we fix a citing period and a cited period, the Rowlands Journal Diffusion factor (RJDF) is the number of different citing journals divided by the total number of citations. The Frandsen Journal Diffusion factor (FJDF) is the number of different citing journals divided by the total number of citeable articles. Hence the quotient: diffusion factor of Frandsen divided by the one of Rowlands is the impact factor IF (for the given time periods). This paper investigates the mathematical properties of RJDF and FJDF in function of the number of citations or of IF and shows the validity of some unexplained claims (based on data) given in "T.F.Frandsen. Journal diffusion factors - a measure of diffusion ? Aslib Proceedings 56(l), 5- 11, 2004". We show that, under reasonable mathematical conditions (expressed intuitively in Frandsen (2004)), the RJDF is a convexly decreasing function of the number of citations and a concavely increasing function of IF. We also show that Gamma (RJDF, IF) = 0 implies r (FJDF, IF)> 0 where r denotes the correlation coefficient of Pearson -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Power-law fractal: The law of technological innovation output statistics (Article, English) AUTHOR: Fang, S SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.121-128 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: With patent quantity and GDP data, the author researched the quantitative relationship between patent quantity, which is an output index of technological innovation, and Gross Domestic Product, which stands for the economic output of one country or region. Based on the analysis and calculation of 6 years' data (from 1998 to 2003) of certain countries with high patent output, the author found out there is a strong correlation (the fining correlation coefficient is over 0.9) between patent output and GDP of many developed countries. This is a Fractal, quantitative power function relation. In this article, the author is discussing about the properties and meaning of this fractal, as well as the method of applying this quantitative relation for analyzing the technological innovation level and efficiency of one country or region, and predicting its patent quantity. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: An empirical study of the measurement of similarity of concentration between different informetric distributions (Article, English) AUTHOR: Burrell, QL SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.129-139 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: There is a well-established literature on the use of concentration measures in informetrics. However, these works have usually been devoted to measures of concentration within a productivity distribution. In a recent paper Burrell (2005a) introduced two new measures, both based on the Gini ratio, for measuring the similarity of concentration of productivity between two different informetric distributions. The first was derived from Dagum's (1987) notion of relative economic affluence; the second-in some ways analogous to the correlation coefficient-is a completely new approach. This was extended with further theoretical examples in Burrell (2005b). The purpose of this study is to develop a purely empirical approach to comparative studies of concentration between informetric data sets using both within and between measures thereby greatly extending the original study where Burrell (2005a) considered just two data sets for purposes of illustration of the methods of calculation of the measures. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: A study of rank distributions of journals and articles (Article, English) AUTHOR: Rao, IKR; Sahoo, BB SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.140-148 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Two bibliographies (one in mathematics and the other one in Physics) are analyzed to study the relation among the journals, references and the citations as well as both the rank and size distributions of citations. It has been observed that the number of citations (z) received by a journal can be estimated using a log model i.e. z = ay - by log (y) (Basu's Model); y is the number of references in a subject in x most journals. Further, it has been observed that Basu's model with two free parameters (a and b), y = ax - bx log (x), fits very well to the observed data on the rank distribution of articles, where y is the citations received by the x most productive articles. It has also been observed that the size distribution of citations follows a negative binomial distribution, implying that the distribution of citations in a bibliography is a manifestation of success-breeds-success phenomenon. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient for the data on rank distributions of journals (based on articles and citations) is only 0.0972515, indicating that the ranks are quite different from each other; however, among the top 10 journals, 9 journals are common in both the ranked list. However, this is not true for the group consisting of least productive journals. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Welcome to the Linguistic Warp Zone: Benchmarking scientific output in the social sciences and humanities (Article, English) AUTHOR: Archambault, E; Gagne, EV; Cote, G; Lariviere, V; Gingras, Y SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.149-158 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: The goal of this paper is to examine the impact of linguistic coverage of databases used by bibliometricians on the capacity to effectively benchmark the work of social scientists and humanities researchers in various countries. The paper firstly examines the strong link between bibliometrics and the ISI's database and, subsequently, reviews the differences in the production and diffusion of knowledge in the SSH and NSE. This leads to an examination of the old debate on the coverage of ISI's databases, more specifically in the case of SSH. The methods section explain how we have compared the coverage of ISI's databases in the NSE and SSH to the Ulrich extensive database of journals. Our results show that there is a 20 to 25% overrepresentation of English-language journals in ISI's databases compared to the list of journals presented in Ulrich. This paper concludes that because of this bias, ISI's databases cannot be used to benchmark the output of countries in the SSH. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Proceedings literature as additional data source for bibliometric analysis (Article, English) AUTHOR: Glanzel, W; Schlemmer, B; Schubert, A; Thijs, B SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.159-167 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Scientific meetings have become increasingly important channels for scholarly communication. In several fields of applied and engineering sciences they are-according to the statements of scientists active in those fields even more important than publishing in periodicals. One objective of this study is to analyse the weight of proceedings literature in all fields of the sciences, social sciences and humanities as well as the use of the ISI Proceedings(SM) database as additional data source for bibliometric studies. The second objective is exploring the use of a further important feature of this database, namely, of information about conference location for the analysis of bibliometrically relevant aspects of information flow such as the relative attractivity, the extent of mobility and unidirectional or mutual affinity of countries. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: General analyses of cancer research publications in Australian states using the science and social science citation indexes (Article, English) AUTHOR: Wilson, CS SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.168-176 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: This research measures the quantity, quality and extent of international collaboration of cancer research publications in Australian states from 1994-1998 through citation analysis. Journal publications (with at least one Australian author) of the cancer literature from Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index were analyzed. For the five-year period, New South Wales (NSW) produced the most publications (31%), slightly ahead of Victoria (VIC) with 29%; Queensland (QLD) ranked third (14%) and South Australia (SA) fourth with 11%. However, as measured by mean journal impact factor, the publications from NSW were of overall lower quality than those from VIC, SA, QLD, and from Australia as a whole. When standardized for quality against the national average, and adjusted for state size, the publication output of the four larger states are ranked in order: SA >> VIC >> QLD > NSW. Four measures of international collaboration on publications were investigated as measures of quality; the degree of collaboration with the USA and England broadly support the IF rankings. At a minimum, these results suggest that the relevant Australian State authorities, should initiate more extensive analyses of an apparent deficiency in the overall quality of their states' cancer research, with the view to greater, or more selective, support. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: An informetric analysis of the HlV/AIDS literature specific to the youths, 1980-2002 (Article, English) AUTHOR: Onyancha, OB; Ocholla, DN SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.177-187 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to present an analytical overview of the HIV/AIDS literature relevant to the youths with the view to determining and comparing the nature, trends, and type of the pandemic's research and other characteristics as indexed in the AIDSearch database between 1982 and 2002. Although the search was limited to the human population, records that discussed both humans and animals were noted and included in the final analysis of data using the Bibexcel and Microsoft Excel softwares. Data were analyzed by publication type, publication year, date of entry, language, source, publication country, geographic area as a subject, gender, among other variables. We observed that research on young people seem to be increasing, and publishing and indexing time lag is still problematic. Other variables are provided in the findings and recommendations. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: What can university-to-government web links reveal about university-government collaboration? (Article, English) AUTHOR: Stuart, D; Thelwall, M SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.188-192 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Recent link analysis research has found strong inter- university academic linking patterns. This study looks beyond the academic community, focusing on university-government linking practices. It finds a stronger correlation between a university's research productivity and the total number of outlinks than with the total number of university-government links. A classification exercise shows that university-to-government links predominately identify information resources rather than reflecting a research relationship. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Academic home pages and Nobel Laureates (Article, English) AUTHOR: Nelson, M SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.193-196 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: An academic home page is the home page of a researcher or academic who has an institutional affiliation where the home page is hosted. We are interested in studying the properties of the academic home pages of Nobel Prize winners for the last five years. Some basic characteristics such as the inclusion of the individuals' photo and email, inclusion of a bibliography are determined for the last five years of Nobel Laureates in physics, chemistry and economics. In addition the number of links to these web pages is collected. The average number of links pages citing each of academic home pages was 105.5 for physics, 32.5 for chemistry and 132.1 for economics. Nobel laureates and laureates of chemistry in particular do not seem to make good use of the web for academic communication purposes. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: A web map of the CSIC research centres: A comparative study of the cosine and the Pearson's correlation coefficient in a colink analysis (Article, English) AUTHOR: Priego, JLO; Aguillo, I SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.197-204 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: A colink study of the web sites of the different centres of the Spanish main public research body is made. The purpose is to find the relations existing among research areas of these centres as well as to study the similitudes and differences according to two measures: cosine and Pearson's correlation coefficient. A colink matrix is built from Yahoo! Search results. The main research areas identified in the CSIC are the Physics and Materials Sciences areas and the Agrobiology, Biomedicine and Food Technologies areas, proving a greater importance in the applied research than in the fundamental research. With regard to the results in the cosine and the correlation coefficient model there are slight differences between two measures as much in the MDS map as in the clustering dendrogram. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Web links as an indicator of research output: A comparison of NZ tertiary institution links with the performance based research funding assessment. (Article, English) AUTHOR: Smith, AG; Thelwall, M SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.205-211 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Data from a crawl of New Zealand Universities is used to study links between the institutions, and the extent to which web based measures correlate with a measure of research performance. The research measure used was the Performance Based Research Fund (PBRF) Quality Score, arrived at in the 2003 research assessment exercises by the NZ Government's Tertiary Education Commission (TEC). There is a moderate correlation between the Quality Score and the FTE-corrected link counts (link counts divided by numbers of full time equivalent academic staff), though it is not clear whether counting on the basis of pages, directories, or domains gives the best measure. Some exceptions to the correlation could be explained in terms of the special characteristics of the institutions. The pattern of linking was not uniform, and could indicate special relationships between institutions. Suggestions for further research are made. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Some preliminary results from a link-crawl of the European Union Research Area Web (Article, English) AUTHOR: Cothey, V SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.212-220 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: A constrained Web link crawler has been used to obtain a broad multi-national sample of the European Union Research Area Web. This preliminary sample confirms that the distribution of many Web parameters follows a power law. The power law exponent of the tail of the indegree frequency distribution is 1.25 +/- 0.01 which agrees with a previously published value for the Web. However the previous result cannot be recomputed. A new reliable scale independent Web indicator for national recognition is also proposed. This makes use of the inter-national indegree based on country code Top Level Domain names. It might therefore be regarded as an improved version of the Web Impact Factor (Ingwersen, 1998). -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Measuring Wikipedia (Article, English) AUTHOR: Voss, J SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.221-231 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Wikipedia, an international project that uses Wiki software to collaboratively create an encyclopaedia, is becoming more and more popular. Everyone can directly edit articles and every edit is recorded. The version history of all articles is freely available and allows a multitude of examinations. This paper gives an overview on Wikipedia research. Wikipedia's fundamental components, i.e. articles, authors, edits, and links, as well as content and quality are analysed. Possibilities of research are explored including examples and first results. Several characteristics that are found in Wikipedia, such as exponential growth and scale-free networks are already known in other context. However the Wiki architecture also possesses some intrinsic specialities. General trends are measured that are typical for all Wikipedias but vary between languages in detail. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: A new model to evaluate the scientific performance of public research institutions (Article, English) AUTHOR: Coccia, M SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.237-241 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Nowadays, in Italy the science sector is doing a strategic restructuring due to budget cuts. The measure and evaluation of research performance of its units (public research institutes) is needed. This paper develops a new model to assess the R&D performance of public research laboratories. The model is successfully applied to 108 public research institutes belonging to the Italian National Research Council, using data 2003. The models of scientific research evaluation can be used as indicators of performance by policy-makers who must decide about the level and direction of public funding for research and by R&D managers in the strategic behaviour of the laboratories. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Different outcomes of different counting methods for publications and citations (Article, English) AUTHOR: Gauffriau, M; Larsen, PO SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.242-246 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: For all rankings of countries research output based on number of publications, citations or most cited publications compared with population, GDP, R&D expenses and other national characteristics the counting method is decisive. Using data freely available the difference between numbers of publications based on Total Counting and Fractional Counting has been quantified. Reduction in numbers of publications going from Total to Fractional Counting ranges from 10 to 45 per cent for different countries. Rankings based on numbers of citations or highly cited papers most likely are even more dependent on the counting method used. Counting methods are in many cases not precisely described or discussed. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Research evaluation of research-oriented Universities in Taiwan (Article, English) AUTHOR: Huang, MH; Chang, HW SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.247-250 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: This paper uses ISI Essential Science Indicators (ESI) database to investigate the academic performance of seven research- oriented universities in Taiwan from both the quantitative and qualitative perspectives. It collects research data for I I years from 1993 to 2003. The performance indicators applied in this study includes the number of papers, the number of citations, the average citations per paper, the number of highly cited papers, the number of hot papers, and the number of core papers. The research performance and strength of those universities are revealed in this study. It finds that National Taiwan University leads among these seven research-oriented universities. However, individual university still shows strengths in various specific fields. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Bibliometric evaluation of the South African scientific output performance (Article, English) AUTHOR: Jacobs, D; Habtezion, AY SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.251-255 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: This paper reports the preliminary findings on South Africa's highly productive authors, journals and research universities. The result shows that 4 of the most cited authors representing 40.80% of the total counted are; Bilic N (16.40), Michael JP (6.36), Sacht C (6.00), and Marques HM (4.60) and the majority belongs to chemistry department with 37.0% followed by Physics (26.0%), Medicine (7.40%) and Biology (7.40%). Out of the 18 journals indexed in JCR only SA J OF GEOLOGY had impact factor above one. The journal with the largest numbers of original papers was S AFR J SCI with 89 articles and 1397 total citations in 2003. The result of the appropriate statistical Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis also point toward that there are significant correlation between journal productivity and citation frequency, and between citation frequency and immediacy index with p- value <0.05. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Using reference structures to evaluate co-word structures: First explorations (Article, English) AUTHOR: Buter, RK; Noyons, ECM SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.260-264 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: We investigate the overlap between a variant on author-co- citation structure and a co-word structure, both created using hierarchical clustering. The overlap is a simple cross-tabulation of both structures. The rows or columns in this cross-tabulation may be sparse, showing a strong dominance of one cluster in another. But it may also be less sparse, showing overlap with most clusters of the other structure. A visualization of the crosstabulation also reveals these structures. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Journal self-citation study in semiconductor: Synchronous and diachronous approach (Article, English) AUTHOR: Tsay, MY; Hsia, SL SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.265-269 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: The present study investigates the self-citations of the most productive semiconductor journals by synchronous (self-citing) and diachronous (self-cited) approaches. Eighty-seven journals common to INSPEC and Journal Citation Reports (JCR) of SCI in semiconductor were selected as the object of this study and were listed for statistical tests. High self-citing journals are usually older than low self-citing journals. Journals with a short time interval of publication are more possible with high self-citing and self-cited rates. Journals with higher self-citing rate tend to be more productive and receive more citation than journals with lower self-citing rate. The journal self-cited rate has no association with the number of articles that journal published and citation it received. There is significant difference between self-cited and self-citing rate and the former (15.03%) is greater than the latter (9.59%). -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Developing bibliometric indicators of research performance in computer science (Article, English) AUTHOR: Visser, MS; Moed, HF SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.275-279 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: This paper presents the first preliminary findings of a study that aims to develop bibliometric indicators for the measurement of research performance in the field of Computer Science. A database of the complete publication output during 1996 - 2001 of 52 research groups at universities in the Netherlands was created. ISI coverage indicators suggest that ISI journals only capture a small share of the impact of Computer Science research. In a first attempt to provide a more complete picture of the research impact of Dutch computer scientists, both the impact of their ISI-publications as well as the impact of their non-ISI publications such as proceedings papers and book chapters in ISI journals was determined. In the next phase of this study, not only these targets for citation will be included in our study but also the universe of citing sources will be expanded. The study aims to develop bibliometric indicators on the basis of insight into the system of written communication in the various fields of Computer Science. The indicators will be further validated by comparing them with peer judgements obtained from a national research assessment exercise. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Co-clustering approaches to integrate lexical and bibliographical information (Article, English) AUTHOR: Janssens, F; Glenisson, P; Glanzel, W; De Moor, B SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.284-289 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Terms are the building blocks to organize and access information, and hold a key position in information retrieval. In forthcoming work we have shown how a methodology of indexing full-text scientific articles combined with an exploratory statistical analysis can improve on bibliometric approaches to mapping science. Textual documents are indexed and further characterized using data mining techniques and co- word analysis. We start this paper by briefly demonstrating the text mining approach. Whereas statistical processing based on full-text documents provides a relational view based on the topicality represented by these documents, bibliometric components can include other characteristics that describe their position in the set. Therefore we extend on previous work and explore how hybrid methodologies that deeply combine text analysis and bibliometric methods can improve the mapping of science and technology. In particular, we propose a method to mathematically combine document similarity matrices resulting from vector- based indices on the one hand, and from selected bibliometric indicators on the other hand. Weighted linear combinations as well as approaches inspired on statistical meta-analysis are presented. Both pitfalls and possible solutions are discussed. The resulting combined similarity matrix offers an attractive way to 'co-cluster' documents based on both lexical and bibliographic information. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: In defence of 'early career universities' (Article, English) AUTHOR: Butler, L SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.290-294 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: The expansion of access to tertiary education resulted in the creation of many new universities in the 1970s and 1980s. As a parallel to use of the term 'early career researchers', these institutions can be labelled 'early career universities' (ECU). With the move in many countries to a greater use of metrics in the assessment of research, the implications for ECUs must be recognised. Data from a comprehensive study of Australian publication output, alongside a detailed analysis of one ECU, provide important insights into the issues that might arise. It reveals that ECUs can be characterised by a rapid increase in publication output, and a reliance on non-ISI journal outlets. Both trends diminish the usefulness of common bibliometric measures and evaluators must be sensitive to this. Where multi-year citation windows are used, the deflating effects on citation rates publication output biased towards the most recent years needs to be recognised and catered for. In addition, it is clear that ISI coverage of ECU output is much lower than for established universities. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Bipartite yule processes in collections of journal papers (Article, English) AUTHOR: Morris, SA SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.316-321 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Collections of journal papers constitute a series of coupled bipartite networks that tend to exhibit linear growth and preferential attachment as papers are added to the collection. Assuming primary nodes in the first network partition and secondary nodes in the second network partition, the basic bipartite Yule process assumes that as each primary node is added to the network, it links to multiple secondary nodes, and with probability, a, each new link may connect to a newly appearing secondary node. The number of links from a new primary node follows some empirically measured distribution. Links to existing secondary nodes follow a preferential attachment rule. With modifications to adapt to specific networks, bipartite Yule processes simulate networks that can be validated against actual networks using a wide variety of network metrics. The application of bipartite Yule processes to paper- reference networks and paper-author networks is demonstrated and the results compare favorably to networks from actual collections of papers. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: The discovery of discoveries exploring the dissemination of major findings in the life sciences (Article, English) AUTHOR: Rabow, H SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.322-326 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: The citations of highly cited papers in the life sciences published in 1986 and 2000 was examined to determine the extent to which early impact predicts long term impact. Linear correlation between early and post-peak impact was found to be about 0.7 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: How influential is Brooks' Law? A citation context analysis of Frederick Brooks' The Mythical Man-Month (Article, English) AUTHOR: McCain, KW; Salvucci, LJ SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.327-334 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Five hundred seventy-four citation contexts from 497 journal articles citing an edition of Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.'s The Mythical Man-Month (MMM) were content-analyzed to assess the degree to which MMAI has become a,,concept symbol" in the sense of Small, 1978. Data were collected for the period 1975-May, 1999. A classification scheme comprising 15 content classes in four areas (generalia, project management issues, building the system, other) was developed and each context uniquely assigned to one class. Citing article contexts were assigned a subject code based on the publishing journal and its ISI subject and LC class assignments. MMM represents a variety of different concepts with differing emphasis depending on the subject area of the citing article. The eponymous concept "Brooks' Law" (the "mythical man- month" or "adding more people to a late project makes it later"), although the most prominent concept across the board, accounted for less than one quarter of the 513 contexts assigned to one of the first three content class groups. MAW is also frequently cited in Software Engineering, Computer Science, and Information Systems, as a landmark work in software engineering, while project management issues are the second most frequent content class in Management. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Predicting the importance of current papers (Article, English) AUTHOR: Boyack, KW; Klavans, R SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.335-342 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: This article examines how well one can predict the importance of a current paper (a paper that is recently published in the literature). We look at three factors-journal importance, reference importance and author reputation. Citation-based measures of importance are used for all variables. We find that journal importance is the best predictor (explaining 22.3% out of a potential 29.1% of the variance in the data), and that this correlation value varies significantly by discipline. Journal importance is a better predictor of citation in Computer Science than in any other discipline. While the finding supports the present policy of using journal impact statistics as a surrogate for the importance of current papers, it calls into question the present policy of equally weighting current documents in text-based analyses. We suggest that future researchers take into account the expected importance of a document when attempting to describe the cognitive structure of a field. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Selecting scientific excellence through committee peer review - A citation analysis of previous publications by successful and non-successful post-doctoral research fellowship applicants (Article, English) AUTHOR: Bornmann, L; Daniel, HD SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.343-351 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: We investigated committee peer review for awarding long- term fellowships to post-graduate researchers as practiced by the Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds (B.I.F.) - a foundation for the promotion of basic research in biomedicine. Assessing the validity of selection decisions requires a generally accepted criterion for research impact. A widely used approach is to use citation counts as a proxy for the impact of scientific research. Therefore, a citation analysis for articles published previous to the applicants' approval or rejection for a B.I.F. fellowship was conducted. Based on our model estimation (negative binomial regression model), journal articles that had been published by applicants approved for a fellowship award (n=64) prior to applying for the B.I.F. fellowship award can be expected to have 37% (straight counts of citations) and 49% (complete counts of citations) more citations than articles that had been published by rejected applicants (n=333). Furthermore, comparison with international scientific reference values revealed (a) that articles published by successful and non-successful applicants are cited considerably more often than the "average" publication and (b) that excellent research performance can be expected more of successful than non-successful applicants. The findings confirm that the foundation is not only achieving its goal of selecting the best junior scientists for fellowship awards, but also successfully attracting highly talented young scientists to apply for B.I.F. fellowships. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Using ISI's 'highly cited researchers' to obtain a country level indicator of citation excellence (Article, English) AUTHOR: Basu, A SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.352-361 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: A high level of citation to an author's work is, in general, a testimony to the fact that the author's work has been noted and used by his peers. High citation has been found to be correlated with other forms of recogtion and rewards, and is a key indicator of research performance. The Institute for Scientific information (ISI) defines a 'highly cited researcher' (HCR) as one of 250 most cited authors of journal papers in any discipline. Citation data for 20 years (1981-99) is used to calculate the share of HCRs for countries in 2 1 subject areas. We find that the US dominates in all subject areas (US share similar to 40-90%). Based on the number of highly cited researchers in a country, an index of citation excellence is proposed. We find that rank order of countries based on this index is in conformity with our general understanding of research excellence, whereas the more frequently used indicator, citations per paper, gave an unacceptable rank order due to an inherent bias toward very small countries. Additionally, a high value of the index of citation excellence was found to be associated with higher concentration of highly cited researchers in affiliating organizations. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: China's quantitative expansion phase: Exponential growth but low impact (Article, English) AUTHOR: Jin, BH; Rousseau, R SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.362-370 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: It is shown that although China's publication share in the world has been increasing exponentially, its impact defined as the number of citations per publication lags far behind. This state of affairs is expressed as a,quantitative expansion phase'. China's science needs to move from the 'quantitative expansion' phase in which it is nowadays to a arising quality' phase. Correspondingly scientists' motivation for publishing papers must shift from 'driven by benefit' to 'driven by excellence and timeliness', Currently, China's science although blending into the world, is not yet a full player in its major league. Yet, all growth-related graphs show an exponential increase. Moreover, doubling times calculated in this article are clear indications that, despite obvious problems and short-comings, the quality of Chinese research as a whole is increasing very quickly. We conclude that, if the necessary measures are taken and the observed exponentially increasing trend continues, the impact of Chinese research results will soon catch up with that of other major countries. [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00047) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: A decade after Hicks and Katz: Interdisciplinary research re-examined (Article, English) AUTHOR: Sandstrom, U; Wadskog, D SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.371-381 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Following the innovative method from the SPRU paper by Hicks and Katz in 1996 we investigated different aspects of the interdisciplinary trends in Europe. The paper uses ISI data covering the period from 1982-2003. The trend towards multi- and interdisciplinarity in the natural, medical and technological sciences is growing stronger over time. In our analysis we use number of publications and citations in different areas of research, countries, sectors and universities. This gives an overview of interdiscplinafity as a phenomenon. Detailed Swedish data is used as a case study. The paper concludes with a short discussion on interdisciplinarity and research level. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- From eugene.garfield at THOMSON.COM Wed Dec 14 15:40:11 2005 From: eugene.garfield at THOMSON.COM (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 15:40:11 -0500 Subject: Papers presented at ISSI 2005: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics, Vols 1 and 2. 2005. Karolinska University Press AB. Stockholm. Message-ID: Part 2. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of the ISSI. Stockholm, 2005. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: The weight of author self-citations (Article, English) AUTHOR: Glanzel, W; Thijs, B; Schubert, A SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.382-389 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: The discussion about how to treat author self-citations driven by policy application and quality measurement intensified in the last years. The definition introduced by Snyder and Bonzi has - in lack of any reasonable alternative - been used in bibliometric practice for science policy purposes. This method, however, does not take into account the weight of self-citing authors among co-authors of both the cited and citing papers. The objective of the present paper is to quantify the weight of self-citations with respect to co-authorship. The analysis is conducted at two levels: at the macro level, namely, for fifteen subject fields and the most active forty countries, and at the meso level, for a set of selected research institutions. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Are citation data a valid measure of journal use? An empirical examination in an academic context (Article, English) AUTHOR: Duy, J; Vaughan, L SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.390-397 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Citation and journal use data have both been used as tools to determine the quality and usefulness of a journal title, especially in academic libraries. However, both of these tools have been criticized for not accurately representing the full spectrum of journal use. With the increased popularity of online journals and the emergence of electronic journal usage data from publishers, there is another too] to potentially improve measurement of the use of journals. This study aims to determine whether these new electronic usage data correlate with more established print usage data and citation data, and to examine whether there is a difference between local citation data (citations by users whom the library serves) and a more global citation measure such as the journal impact factor, in measuring journal use. The findings show that the electronic journal usage measure looked at in this study correlates with the traditional print usage measure. In addition, it was found that local citation data are a valid measure of journal usage but that the more global measure of impact factors are not as valid. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: The rhythm of science, the rhythm of SCIENCE (Article, English) AUTHOR: Liang, LM; Rousseau, R; Shi, F SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.398-405 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: The rhythm of science may be compared to the rhythm of music. The R and T indicators studied in this article are complex indicators, trying to reflect part of this rhythm. The R indicator interweaves publication and citation data over a long period. T constructs an input-output relationship in knowledge production. In this way the Rand T-sequences can be used to describe the evolutionary rhythm of science considered from two different aspects. As an example the R and T sequences of the journal Science from 1945 on are calculated. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Naming clusters in visualization studies: Parsing and filtering of noun phrases from citation contexts (Article, English) AUTHOR: Schneider, JW SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.406-416 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM SEARCH TERM(S): GARFIELD E rauth; SMALL H rauth; SMALL HG rauth; CURRENT CONTENTS* rwork; J DOC* rwork; SCIENTOMETR* rwork; CITATION item_title; CITATION* item_title; GARFIELD E CURR CONTENTS :5 1974 KEYWORDS+: COMPUTER RECOGNITION; CITING STATEMENTS; WORD ANALYSIS; BIBLIOMETRICS; COCITATION; RETRIEVAL; KNOWLEDGE ABSTRACT: The present study presents a semi-automatic method for parsing and filtering of noun phrases from citation contexts. The purpose of the method is to extract contextual, agreed upon, and pertinent noun phrases, to be used in visualization studies for naming clusters (concept groups) or concept symbols. The method is applied in a case study, which forms part of a larger dissertation work concerning the applicability of bibliometric methods for thesaurus construction. The case study is carried out within periodontology, a specialty area of dentistry. The result of the case study indicates that the method is able to identify highly important noun phrases, and that these phrases accurately describe their parent clusters. Hence, the method is able to reduce the labour intensive work of manual citation context analysis, though further refinements are still needed. [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00052) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Co-network analysis (Article, English) AUTHOR: Jimenez-Contreras, E; Delgado-Lopez-Cozar, E; Ruiz-Perez, R; de la Moneda-Corrochano, M; Ruiz-Banos, R; Bailon-Moreno, R SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.417-425 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM SEARCH TERM(S): J DOC* rwork; J INF SCI rwork; SCIENTOMETR* rwork KEYWORDS+: INFORMATION-RETRIEVAL; MODEL ABSTRACT: Here, we present a new method for studying the network of actors, called co-network analysis. It consists of considering actors as vectors whose components are networks previously constructed by co-word analysis. This enables actors to be linked according to their similarity in terms of their assignment to the networks, inheriting moreover the centrality and density values that the networks possess. In this way, it is possible to construct graphic representations in which the thematically similar actors appear in strategic positions which are also similar. That is, it is an improved combination of the classical strategic diagram of co-word analysis and MDS analysis. It is also possible to establish a generality index of the actors. This technique is applicable to research policies, scientific and technological monitoring, or sociological analysis. [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00053) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Mapping world-wide science at the paper level (Article, English) AUTHOR: Klavans, R; Boyack, KW SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.426-436 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM SEARCH TERM(S): SMALL H rauth; SCIENTOMETR* rwork KEYWORDS+: CITATIONS ABSTRACT: This article describes recent improvements in mapping a highly representative set of the world-wide scientific literature. The process described in this article extends existing work in this area in three major ways. First, we argue that a separate structural analysis of cur-rent literature vs. reference literature is required for R&D planning. Second, visualization software is used to improve coverage of the literature while maintaining structural integrity. Third, quantitative techniques for measuring the structural integrity of a map are introduced. Maps with high structural integrity, covering far more of the available literature, are presented. [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00054) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Citation analysis in research evaluation (Article, English) AUTHOR: Moed, HF SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.437-441 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM SEARCH TERM(S): CITATION item_title; CITATION ANALYS* item_title; CITATION* item_title [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00055) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: On extending informetrics: An opinion paper (Article, English) AUTHOR: White, HD SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.442-449 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM SEARCH TERM(S): J DOC* rwork; J INF SCI rwork; SCIENTOMETR* rwork; INFORMETRIC* item_title KEYWORDS+: BIBLIOMETRICS ABSTRACT: This paper suggests the name bibliograms for the distinctive core-and-scatter distributions of terms studied in informetrics, scientometrics, and bibliometrics. It argues that naming these distributions as linguistic objects with specific features and demonstrable practical uses will assist in extending informetrics to wider audiences, including librarians and students, for whom existing treatments of the field may be too abstract. It further proposes that bibliograms are closely related to the word association lists, here called associagrams, long studied in psycholinguistics and now being imported into research on thesaurus design in document retrieval. It advocates studies that combine bibliograms and associagrams as a way of integrating information science and enriching it with concepts drawn from linguistics and psychology. [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00056) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Evaluation of strategic research programs: The case of Danish environmental research 1993-2002 (Article, English) AUTHOR: Ingwersen, P; Larsen, B SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.450-459 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM SEARCH TERM(S): J DOC* rwork; SCIENTOMETR* rwork KEYWORDS+: IMPACT; JOURNALS ABSTRACT: The paper reports the mid-term and final informetric evaluations of the Danish Strategic Environmental Research Program (named SMP). SMP consisted of nine virtual research centres during the period 1993-97. Citations are measured 1993-2002. Central indicators are: Centre Impact Factor (CIF) that sums up number of citations received by each centre's SCI-articles; centre Journal Impact Factor (JIF), which is a diachronic IF per journal volume publishing a centre article. Citation and publication data are obtained from the Dialog online version of SCI. Other indicators are the Danish and world domain impact in subject areas selected by the centres from the National Science Indicators. Top-ranked journal volumes used in SMP in terms of JIF scores were correlated with the corresponding articles' citation values. At the mid- term assessment the Pearson coefficient showed a strong correlation, which disappeared at the final evaluation. The publication behaviour varied substantially between centres. Although SMP as program did not make a strategic difference, measured as a CIF-score 10 % higher than all other indicator values and in particular the Danish domain impact, four centres clearly did. USA was the most knowledge importing country. In wider perspective two-step evaluations of, in particular, cost-heavy strategic programmes have important implications for the continuation, volume and direction of research funding and activities. [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00057) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Does industrial relevance in public science come at the expense of basic research? Revisiting tradeoffs in university research (Article, English) AUTHOR: Larsen, MT SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.460-469 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM SEARCH TERM(S): SCIENTOMETR* rwork KEYWORDS+: ACADEMIC RESEARCH; TECHNOLOGY; INNOVATION; ENTREPRENEURIAL; ECONOMICS; DYNAMICS ABSTRACT: The assumption that public science faces a tradeoff between basic and applied research has combined with growing pressures for industrial relevance in university research to spark concerns that universities dedicate increasing amounts of resources to applied research, at the expense of basic research. This paper suggests, however, that the very notion of a tradeoff may be the product of our use of the linear model of innovation to conceptualise research, and that this notion becomes less obvious when we apply a more nuanced typology to investigate the dynamics of knowledge production. This paper presents the preliminary findings of a study of the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), which does not indicate that the amount of applied research undertaken at DTU has a negative influence on the amount of basic research. Moreover, the data suggest a clear predominance of publications in basic research, and that much university research, which is generally classified as applied research, can be more accurately characterized as engineering research. Publications in applied research represented just 7% of the total data set. The results of the study suggest that technical universities, at least DTU, can be oriented towards industrial relevance without compromising basic scientific research activity. [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00058) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Delineating the patent data: What does it reveal? A case study of prolific patenting institutions of India and China (Article, English) AUTHOR: Bhattacharya, S SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.470-478 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM SEARCH TERM(S): SCIENTOMETR* rwork KEYWORDS+: TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACT: Technological capability/strength, technological/market monopoly, success of R&D efforts are some of the indications, patents that belong to an entity signify. However, a simple patent count provides only a limited indication. Informetric analysis can be successfully applied to reveal the underlying hidden characteristics of the patent statistics. At the same time caveats in analyzing patent data and understanding the different attributes of a patent/patenting system is required to undertake a proper analysis. An investigation of prolific patenting institutions of India and China was undertaken to support the above argument. Their (i.e. of prolific patenting institutions) patenting activity in US was investigated for the period 1998-2002. The attributes of the US patent system were used to distinguish the patent data. Patent profiles in terms of technological domains/application area were uncovered by informetric analysis. Effectiveness of the patenting activity, strategic and policy aspects were derived from this exercise. The paper attempts to make contribution towards integrating the features of the patent system, different aspects of patent statistics and tools of informetrics to deriving meaning that can be used by a wider audience. [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00059) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: The 'home advantage' effect and patent families: a comparison of OECD triadic patents, the USPTO and the EPO (Article, English) AUTHOR: Criscuolo, P SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.479-489 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM SEARCH TERM(S): SCIENTOMETR* rwork KEYWORDS+: COUNTRY ADVANTAGES; GLOBALIZATION; TECHNOLOGY; STRATEGIES; LOCATION; FIRMS; SIZE ABSTRACT: This paper examines the extent of the 'home advantage' effect in the USPTO and the EPO patent data and in the OECD triadic patent families. By comparing a set of internationalisation indicators for a sample of European, US and Japanese MNEs it finds that, contrary to what is often assumed, this effect is not only present in the USPTO but also in the EPO. OECD triadic patent data, instead, are not biased towards any particular home country. It also finds that, because MNEs do not systematically file their patents with the EPO, the USPTO and the JPO, the OECD triadic patent family dataset excludes many patents, especially those invented in the US and accounted for in the USPTO, though it is mainly only low-value patents that are excluded. Thus OECD triadic patents can be considered a satisfactory alternative to the USPTO and the EPO for measuring R&D internationalisation. [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00060) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Essential patent indicators for the evaluation of industrial technological innovation competitiveness (Article, English) AUTHOR: Chen, DZ; Lin, WYC SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.490-498 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM SEARCH TERM(S): SCIENTOMETR* rwork ABSTRACT: This article aims to develop essential patent indicators for evaluating the technological innovation competitiveness between industrials or companies. Citations of certain patent cited by specific company and cited year both contribute to meaningful evaluation outcomes. A novel indicator for representing an industrial's patent performance, Essential Patent Index (EPI), was developed first by setting weight factors on who cited these patents and when these patents were cited. By combining EPI and Chi's well-known Technological Strength (TS) indicator, a second novel indicator Essential Technological Strength (ETS) was developed to represent a company's innovation competitiveness. In this case study, patent performances of three high-tech industries in Taiwan were analyzed using ETS as well as the traditional TS for comparison. Results from this analysis demonstrated that ETS provided better insights by clearly verifying the latent influence of citations, enforcing the impact of essential patents, and aggrandizing the innovation competitiveness differences between companies. [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00061) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Factors that impact interdisciplinary natural science research collaboration in academia (Article, English) AUTHOR: Maglaughlin, KL; Sonnenwald, DH SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.499-508 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Interdisciplinary collaboration occurs when people with different educational and research backgrounds bring complementary skills to bear on a problem or task. The strength of interdisciplinary scientific research collaboration is its capacity to bring together diverse scientific knowledge to address complex problems and questions. However, interdisciplinary scientific research can be difficult to initiate and sustain. We do not yet fully understand factors that impact interdisciplinary scientific research collaboration. This study synthesizes empirical data from two empirical studies to provide a more comprehensive understanding of interdisciplinary scientific research collaboration within the natural sciences in academia. Data analysis confirmed factors previously identified in various literatures and yielded new factors. A total of twenty factors were identified, and classified into four categories: personal, resources, motivation and common ground. These categories and their factors are described, and implications for academic policies and practices to facilitate and sustain interdisciplinary collaboration are discussed. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Comparative analysis of co-authorship networks considering authors' roles in collaboration: Differences between the theoretical and application areas (Article, English) AUTHOR: Yoshikane, F; Nozawa, T; Tsuji, K SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.509-516 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Many studies have analyzed "direct" partnerships in co- authorship networks. One the other hand, the whole network structure, including "indirect" links between researchers, has not been sufficiently studied yet. This study aims at deriving knowledge about the communication structures regarding production of papers by analyzing the researchers' activities from different viewpoints considering roles in co- authorship networks. In this study, we compare the co-authorship networks between the theoretical and application areas in computer science. By applying the modified HITS algorithm to the co-authorship networks, we analyze for each researcher in the co-authorship networks (1) the degree of importance as the leader and (2) that as the follower. We further examine the correlation between these two viewpoints. This study has shown that the negative correlation between (1) and (2) is greater in the application area. It suggests that, in computer science, the two roles (i.e., the leader and the follower) are more clearly separated from each other in the application area than in the theoretical area. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Patterns of scientific collaboration between Japan and France: Inter-sectoral analysis using Probabilistic Partnership Index (PPI) (Article, English) AUTHOR: Yamashita, Y; Okubo, Y SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.517-526 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: The objective of the present research is to analyze patterns of international scientific cooperation by use of an indicator, Probabilistic Partnership Index (PPI). We will investigate inter-sectoral cooperation between Japan and France. We will examine diverse levels of collaborative networks - domestic, bilateral and multi-lateral relationships - established within France-Japan cooperation. We will present PPI and compare it with three existing indicators in order to bring to light specificity of the new indicator. We intend to compare and develop bibliometric methods for measuring collaborative strengths between partners. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Inter-University collaboration in Canada (Article, English) AUTHOR: Ajiferuke, I SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.527-533 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: This study examines the extent of inter-institutional collaboration between scholars in the 48 major Canadian universities, and also determines the factors that influence such collaboration. Documents included in the Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Science Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index of the online ISI's Web of Science database for the period 1990- October 31, 2003 were used as sources of data for the study. Making use of the author's affiliation field, we were able to determine the number of publications coauthored by scholars in each pair of universities. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the influence of factors such as geographical distance, province, language, time zone, age, and peer group on collaboration. Only province and peer group were included in the final regression model. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Mapping business competitive positions using Web co-link analysis (Article, English) AUTHOR: Vaughan, L; You, J SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.534-543 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Based on the findings from earlier studies which showed that links to business Websites contain useful business information, we examined the feasibility of using Web co-link data to map business competitive positions. We hypothesized that the number of co-links to a pair of business Websites is a measure of the similarity between the two companies. Since similar or related businesses are competing businesses, the co-link data can be used to map business competitive positions. We selected 32 telecommunication companies for the study and collected co- link data to these companies from Yahoo!. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis on the co-link data correctly mapped these companies into telecommunication industry sectors. This proved our hypothesis and further confirmed the theory that links to business Websites can be objects for Web data mining. We collected data in a way that would reflect two markets, the global market and the Chinese market. Results from the two data sets revealed the competitive positions of the companies in the two markets. We propose that regular data collection and analysis based on this method can be used to monitor the business competitive environment and trigger early warnings on the change of the competitive landscape. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Comparative analysis of networks of collaboration of Canadian researchers in the natural sciences, social sciences and the humanities (Article, English) AUTHOR: Lariviere, V; Gingras, Y; Archambault, E SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.565-574 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: A basic dichotomy is generally made between publication practices in the natural sciences and engineering (NSE) and social sciences and humanities (SSH). However, while researchers in the NSE share lots of common practices with researchers in SSH, the spectrum of practices is broader in the latter. Drawing data from the CDROM versions of the Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index and the Arts & Humanities Citation Index from 1980 to 2002, this paper analyses collaboration in the SSH compared to the NSE. We show that, contrary to a widely held belief, researchers in the social sciences and the humanities have distinct collaborative practices. In fact, collaborative activities of researchers in the social sciences are more comparable to those of researchers in the NSE than to scholars in the humanities. Also, we see that language and cultural proximity influences the choice of collaborators in the SSH, but also in the NSE. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Mapping research topics through word-reference co- occurrences (Article, English) AUTHOR: Heimeriks, G; Van den Besselaar, P SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.575-584 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Mapping of science and technology can be done at different levels of aggregation, using a variety of methods. In this paper, we propose a method in which title words are used as indicators for the content of a research topic, and cited references are used as the context in which words get their meaning: co-occurrences of word- reference combinations. In this way we can use words without neglecting differences and changes in meaning. As we will show, the method has several advantages, such as high coverage of publications and the use of the same words in different contexts. Applying the method in information science produces knowledge maps that are an adequate representation of research topics in the context of the entire field. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Biomedical research and the regional burden of disease (Article, English) AUTHOR: Lewison, G SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.585-594 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Most biomedical research is carried out in developed countries that have relatively low mortality rates among both adults and children, and its subject profile tends to reflect the pattern of the burden of disease in those countries. This is very different from that prevailing world-wide, where communicable diseases still account for over 40% of the burden - although this is decreasing - and the imbalance has been the subject of criticism by bodies such as the Global Forum for Health Research. This study sought to investigate whether the distribution of research outputs during the last eight years in the 14 individual world regions, as defined by the World Health Organization, reflected the burden of 13 specific diseases. These were based on careful definitions of filters that selectively identified relevant papers in the Science Citation Index. Time trends in research were examined to see if there was progress towards a more equitable distribution of effort. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Bibliometric study of scientific research on prion diseases encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 1973- 2002 (Article, English) AUTHOR: Sanz-Casado, E; Suarez-Balseiro, C; Iribarren-Maestro, I; Ramirez-de Santa Pau, M; de Pedro-Cuesta, J SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.595-603 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: The purpose of the present study was to analyse the trends in research on prion diseases encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by applying bibliometric tools to the scientific literature published between 1973 and 2002. The data for the study were obtained from Medline database. The aim was to determine the volume of scientific output in the above period, the countries involved and the trends in the subject matters addressed. Significant growth was observed in scientific production since 1991 and particularly in the 1996-2001 period. The countries found to have the highest output were the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France and Germany. The collaboration networks established by scientists were also analysed in this study, as well as the evolution in the subject matters where they were being published, that were almost constant in the three subperiods in which the study was divided. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Scientornetric analysis of the 2003 sleep research literature in medicine and biology (Article, English) AUTHOR: Robert, C; Wilson, CS; Gaudy, JF; Arreto, CD SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.604-614 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: The distribution of journal articles published in 2003 involving sleep research in the fields of medicine and biology from the ISI (Institute for Scientific Information) Current Content databases was analysed. The following parameters were considered: the number of articles per country, the average journal impact factor of each country, the ISI journal subject category, and the top producing countries' populations and gross domestic products. Among the 2325 articles considered - authored (or co-authored) by researchers from 66 countries the six most prolific were the USA, Germany, Japan, The United Kingdom, France and Canada; other publishing countries, in decreasing order of productivity, include Italy, Australia, and The Netherlands. Comparisons between the USA and the European Union (EU) countries, and the journal distribution of sleep publications among the subdisciplines of the life sciences and clinical medicine are also presented. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Restructuring the Japanese national research system and its effect on performance (Article, English) AUTHOR: Hayashi, T; Tomizawa, H SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.625-634 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: The Japanese government has been attempting to reform the national research system for the past 20 years. This paper elucidates the structural changes of the system and its performance by highly extensive bibliometric analyses and discusses the effects of S&T policy on it. The results indicate that although Japan gradually increased its production of highly cited publications, its share of low-cited publications was much higher than the former. This tendency of Japan is contrary to that of other advanced countries. Detailed analyses reveal that the top eight universities account for half of the highly cited publications in the university sector, while other hundreds of universities have radically increased their low-cited publications since 1990. The expansion of financial and human resources for research in the 1990s enabled new actors to be involved in scientific research, but gradually the resources are being concentrated in a small number of universities. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Spatio-temporal information production and consumption of major US research institutions (Article, English) AUTHOR: Borner, K; Penumarthy, S SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.635-641 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: This paper reports the results of a large scale data analysis that aims to identify the information production and consumption among top research institutions in the United States. A 20-year publication data set was analyzed to identify the 500 most cited research institutions and spatio-temporal changes in their inter-citation patterns. A novel approach to analyzing the dual role of institutions as information producers and consumers and to study the diffusion of information among them is introduced. A geographic visualization metaphor is used to visually depict the production and consumption of knowledge. Surprisingly, the introduction of the Internet does not seem to affect the distance over which information diffuses as manifested by citation links. The citation linkages between institutions fall off with the distance between them, and there is a strong linear relationship between the log of the citation counts and the log of the distance. The paper concludes with a discussion of these results and an outlook for future work. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Aggregation consistency and frequency of Chinese words and characters in library catalogs (Article, English) AUTHOR: Arsenault, C SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.642-643 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Analysis of scientific research on diagnostic imaging in collaboration between European Union countries and between European and other worldwide countries (Article, English) AUTHOR: Miguel-Dasit, A; Arroyo, AA; Martinez, AMA; Aleixandre-Benavent, R SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.646-647 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Author co-citation analysis is to intellectual structure as web colink analysis is to......? (Article, English) AUTHOR: Zuccala, A SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.648-649 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: A bibliometric study of scientific output in Tabriz University of Medical Science 1988-96 (Article, English) AUTHOR: Biglu, MH; Askari, O SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.650-651 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: A Bibliometric study of the scientific publications by the Peking University health science center faculty accepted by SCIE from 1998 to 2003 (Article, English) AUTHOR: Yang, LL; Xia, Y; Yin, SM; Jia, SP; Wu, NC; Yang, LM SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.652-653 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: A Bibliometric study on SARS in MEDLINE (Article, English) AUTHOR: Yang, LM; Yang, LL SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.654-655 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Categorising citations to trace research impact (Article, English) AUTHOR: Hanney, S; Grant, J; Jones, T; Buxton, M SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.656-657 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Collaboration in astronomy knowledge production: A case study in ScienceDirect from 2000-2004 (Article, English) AUTHOR: Osareh, F SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.660-661 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Co-word analysis revisited: Modelling co-word clusters in terms of graph theory (Article, English) AUTHOR: Polanco, X SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.662-663 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: English proficiency and time to publication: The case of Brazilian science (Article, English) AUTHOR: Vasconcelos, SMR; Leta, J; Sorenson, M SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.664-665 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: European journals in humanities: A case study (Article, English) AUTHOR: Must, U SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.666-667 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Explorations in bibliometric historiography: The (re)emergence of neural networks, 1980-1991 (Article, English) AUTHOR: McCain, K SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.668 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Exploring the relationship between research and health care (Article, English) AUTHOR: Romero, AG SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.669-670 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: First approach to exploring innovation activity in Puerto Rico: A patent-based analysis from 1981 to 2000. (Article, English) AUTHOR: Suarez-Balseiro, C; Sanz-Casado, E; Maura-Sardo, M; Torres-Oyola, E SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.671-672 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Five years of policy-based bibliometrics in Flanders: An overview and a reflection (Article, English) AUTHOR: Debackere, K; Glanzel, W SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.673-674 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Give the thought to the elderly: A webometric analysis (Article, English) AUTHOR: Srivastava, D; Munshi, UM; Kundra, R SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.675-676 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Google Web APIs - An instrument for webometric analyses? (Article, English) AUTHOR: Mayr, P; Tosques, F SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.677-678 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Hypothetical influence of non-indexed Spanish journals on the impact factor of the journal citation reports-indexed journals (Article, English) AUTHOR: Zurian, JCV; Aleixandre-Benavent, R; Gomez, MC; Arroyo, AA; Miguel-Dasit, A SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.679-680 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Link analysis: An informetric technique (Article, English) AUTHOR: Thelwall, M; Payne, N SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.681-682 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Mapping the "human" side of computing: An author co- citation analysis of the interrelationships between ergonomics, human- computer interaction and human factors research (Article, English) AUTHOR: Pajwani, G; McCain, KW SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.683 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: The marginalized knowledge: Informetric analysis of indigenous knowledge publications 1990-2004) (Article, English) AUTHOR: Ocholla, DN; Onyancha, BO SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.686-687 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Methodological procedure to overcome the lack of normalisation of author names in bibliometric analyses at the micro level (Article, English) AUTHOR: Costas, R; Bordons, M SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.688-689 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Research institutes and universities: Does collaboration pay? (Article, English) AUTHOR: Sandstrom, U; Wadskog, D; Karlsson, S SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.690-691 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: The nobility of Nobel prize for World Science: An analysis of awards (Article, English) AUTHOR: Kundra, R; Srivastava, D SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.692-693 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: The non-source items of the journal citation reports (Article, English) AUTHOR: Stegmann, J; Grohmann, G SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.694-695 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Research impact on genetic engineering research - Patent citation analysis (Article, English) AUTHOR: Lo, SC; Huang, MH SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.696-697 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Scientometric portrait of Nobel Laureate Anthony J. Leggett (Article, English) AUTHOR: Angadi, M; Koganuramath, MM; Kademani, BS; Kumbar, BD; Jange, S SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.706-707 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: The Serbian citation index: Context and content (Article, English) AUTHOR: Sipka, P SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.710-711 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: South Africa's scientific productivity: Growth, development, and research collaborations from 1995 to 2004 (Article, English) AUTHOR: Jacobs, D; Habtezion, AY SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.712-713 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Visualization of knowledge production on public health research work in Latin America and the Caribbean (Article, English) AUTHOR: Macias-Chapula, CA; Rodea-Castro, IP; Mendoza-Guerrero, JA; Gutierrez-Carrasco, A SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.714-715 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: What journals do UK psychiatrists consider important to their clinical practice: a sub-specialty analysis of the relationship with impact factors and country of publication. (Article, English) AUTHOR: Jones, T; Hanney, S SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.716-717 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Exploring authorship in Wikipedia to modify Lotka's Law: Bibliometric patterns in the world's largest encyclopedia (Article, English) AUTHOR: Jones, MC; Medina, K SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.718-719 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: An analysis of co-authorship of management science in China (Article, English) AUTHOR: Yue, C; Liu, Z SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.733-739 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: Collaboration in scientific study plays an important role in science and humanity. The object of the study is correlate collaboration in China with management science. Based on the Chinese Journals Fulltext Database (CJFD), we conducted a quantitative analysis of the co-authorship rate with the published time, the age group and address sources of the authors. The analytical results indicate that the scholars at the age group of 40 years old are gradually becoming the academic leaders and younger scholars at the age group of 30 years old are the new blood. Chinese cities could be categorized to different grades according to the analytical results of the address sources of the authors. Beijing and Shanghai are the first grade cities, which means that they are the national centers in management science; Xi'an, Wuhan, Nanjing, Tianjin, Hangzhou and Shenyang are the second grade cities, which are the mid-collaboration level cities and the regional centers in management science; the rest of the cities are the third grade cities. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Evaluation of collaboration between European universities using dynamic interaction between multiple sources (Article, English) AUTHOR: Lamirel, JC; Al Shehabi, S; Francois, C SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.740-749 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM ABSTRACT: This paper presents a new approach whose aim is to extent the scope of Webometrics by providing it with new knowledge extraction and visualization capabilities. An application of this approa From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Dec 14 15:44:42 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 15:44:42 -0500 Subject: Papers presented at ISSI 2005: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics, Vols 1 and 2. 2005. Karolinska University Press AB. Stockholm. Message-ID: Part 3 Papers presented at ISSI 2005. Stockholm TITLE: Evaluation of collaboration between European universities using dynamic interaction between multiple sources (Article, English) AUTHOR: Lamirel, JC; Al Shehabi, S; Francois, C SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.740-749 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM SEARCH TERM(S): SCIENTOMETR* rwork ABSTRACT: This paper presents a new approach whose aim is to extent the scope of Webometrics by providing it with new knowledge extraction and visualization capabilities. An application of this approach on a dataset of websites issued from European universities is presented. The basic model which is considered in this paper is a multi-topographic neural network model. The powerful features of this model are its generalization mechanism and its mechanism of communication between topographies. These two mechanisms allow rule extraction to be performed whenever a single viewpoint or multiple viewpoints on the same data are considered. The association rule extraction is itself based on original quality measures which evaluate to what extent a numerical classification model behaves as a natural symbolic classifier such as a Galois lattice. The visualization of the results of the analyses is based on an original hyperbolic approach. [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00122) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Visibility of collaboration between immunology institutions on the web including aspects of gender studies (Article, English) AUTHOR: Kretschmer, H; Kretschmer, U; Kretschmer, T SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.750-760 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM SEARCH TERM(S): J INF SCI rwork; SCIENTOMETR* rwork KEYWORDS+: SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION; NETWORKS; SCIENCE ABSTRACT: A number of studies can be found in the literature about analyzing scientific collaboration networks through coauthorship but very few have examined the reflection of these networks on the Web. In this paper the collaboration between 80 German institutions of immunology is analyzed, including gender collaboration. The percentage of co-authored papers visible on the Web increased from 1997 to 2002. In this connection the visualized Web network in 2002 is slightly more similar to the bibliographic co-authorship network than in 1997. Highly productive institutions have a higher central position in both collaboration networks and consequently greater influence on the entire scientific community than the lower productive institutions. The contribution of female members of the German Society of Immunology in both the bibliographic and Web networks is very low in relation to the male counterparts. That corresponds with general results of a large gender study conducted by the European Commission. [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00123) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Higher education and research collaboration between Iran and UK (Article, English) AUTHOR: Osareh, F SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.761-765 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM SEARCH TERM(S): SCIENTOMETR* rwork KEYWORDS+: PARTNERSHIPS ABSTRACT: This paper aims to display Iran's collaborations based on previous research findings and introduces the recent international collaboration programs with emphasis on UK collaborations. It was found that Iran's scientific productivity and collaboration has sharply increased in the last five years comparing with her performance in the last decades. England was Iran's second major collaborative country during 1985-2003. [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00124) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Collaboration and distances between German immunological institutes (Article, English) AUTHOR: Havemann, F; Heinz, M; Kretschmer, H SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.770-774 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM SEARCH TERM(S): SCIENTOMETR* rwork KEYWORDS+: GEOGRAPHICAL PROXIMITY ABSTRACT: The hypothesis that in recent years geographical proximity has become less important for research collaboration was tested and confirmed for papers co-authored by researchers at German immunological institutes in 1997 and 2002. Mean and median of distances between German immunological institutes weighted with the number of coauthored papers are greater in 2002 than in 1997. The un-weighted distance distribution of collaboration relations established between these institutes, however, has not changed significantly during the five years. In addition, productivity distributions of institutes have been found to be lognormal. [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00126) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Collaboration in social science research in India (Article, English) AUTHOR: Sangam, SL; Keshava SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.775-778 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM SEARCH TERM(S): J INF SCI rwork; SCIENTOMETR* rwork KEYWORDS+: SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION ABSTRACT: Presents the authorship pattern and collaborative research in six social science subjects viz. Anthropology, Economics, History, Political Science, Psychology and Sociology in India based on the data collected from CDROM version of the Wilson Social Sciences Abstracts of H.W. Wilson Co., US for the year 1989-1991 and 1997-1999. The proportion of collaborative publication has shown a consistent growth with time in all the four subjects except Political Science and Sociology. The trend in the computed values of Collaboration Index (CI) and Degree of Collaboration (DC) of different period blocks is almost consistent, reflecting growing collaboration and pointing towards increasing professionalisation in social sciences in India with time. [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00127) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Regional collaboration in S&T among South Asian countries (Article, English) AUTHOR: Gupta, BM; Munshi, M; Mishra, PK SOURCE: ISSI 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMETRICS, VOLS 1 AND 2. 2005. p.779-785 KAROLINSKA UNIV PRESS AB, STOCKHOLM SEARCH TERM(S): SCIENTOMETR* rwork ABSTRACT: The science and technology is being practised today in a collaborative manner with participation of scientists from different disciplines, institutions and countries. To combat the problems of pollution, environment, energy, biodiversity, health, nutrition, etc., many countries in the world, particularly the developing countries, need the cooperation and support of other countries. In this paper, a study on the outputs of S&T collaborations among South Asian countries is presented through the analysis of co-authored research papers published during the period 1994-2004 in the journals covered by the Web of Science (Extended Science Citation Index). The study analysis these collaborations from various angles, viz, nature, S&T areas, institutions involved and their impact on individual fields. [ ]<-- Enter an X to order article (IDS: BDC93 00128) From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Dec 14 16:11:07 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 16:11:07 -0500 Subject: Lee, DT; Lee, GC "Knowledge management for computational problem solving" Journal of Universal Computer Science 9 (6). 2003. p.563-570 Springer NY. Message-ID: E-mail Addresses: D.T. Lee : dtlee at iis.sinica.edu.tw G.C. Lee : gclee at iis.sinica.edu.tw -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Knowledge management for computational problem solving (Article, English) AUTHOR: Lee, DT; Lee, GC SOURCE: JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL COMPUTER SCIENCE 9 (6). 2003. p.563-570 SPRINGER, NEW YORK ABSTRACT: Algorithmic research is an established knowledge engineering process that has allowed researchers to identify new or significant problems, to better understand existing approaches and experimental results, and to obtain new, effective and efficient solutions. While algorithmic researchers regularly contribute to this knowledge base by proposing new problems and novel solutions, the processes currently used to share this knowledge are inefficient, resulting in unproductive overhead. Most of these publication-centred processes lack explicit high-level knowledge structures to support efficient knowledge management. The authors describe a problem-centred collaborative knowledge management architecture associated with Computational Problem Solving (CPS). Specifically we articulate the structure and flow of such knowledge by making in-depth analysis of the needs of algorithmic researchers, and then extract the ontology. We also propose a knowledge flow measurement methodology to provide human-centred evaluations of research activities within the knowledge structure. This measurement enables us to highlight active research topics and to identify influential researchers. The collaborative knowledge management architecture was realized by implementing an Open Computational Problem Solving (OpenCPS) Knowledge Portal, which is an open-source project accessible at http://www.opencps.org. AUTHOR ADDRESS: DT Lee, Acad Sinica, Inst Informat Sci, Taipei 115, Taiwan From michele.catanzaro at TIN.IT Wed Dec 14 15:44:50 2005 From: michele.catanzaro at TIN.IT (michele.catanzaro@tin.it) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 21:44:50 +0100 Subject: copyleft pictures Message-ID: ENGLISH Hallo, do you know where I can find some "copyleft" pictures of complex networks? (pictures that represent Internet, Foodwebs, Collaboration Networks...) I need them to be published without paying copyright. Many thanks, Michele SPANISH Hola, sabeis donde puedo encontrar una figuras de redes complejas "en copyleft"? (Internet, Foodwebs, Colaboraciones profesionales...) Las necesito para publicarlas sin tener que pagar los derechos de autor. Muchas gracias! Michele From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Dec 14 16:16:39 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 16:16:39 -0500 Subject: Newman, MEJ "Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf's law" Contemporary Physics 46 (5). SEP-OCT 2005. p.323-351 Message-ID: E-mail Addresses: Newman, MEJ : mejn at umich.edu TITLE: Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf's law (Review, English) AUTHOR: Newman, MEJ Source: CONTEMPORARY PHYSICS 46 (5): 323-351 SEP-OCT 2005 Document Type: Review Language: English Cited References: 70 Times Cited: 0 Abstract: When the probability of measuring a particular value of some quantity varies inversely as a power of that value, the quantity is said to follow a power law, also known variously as Zipf's law or the Pareto distribution. Power laws appear widely in physics, biology, earth and planetary sciences, economics and finance, computer science, demography and the social sciences. For instance, the distributions of the sizes of cities, earthquakes, forest. res, solar flares, moon craters and people's personal fortunes all appear to follow power laws. The origin of power-law behaviour has been a topic of debate in the scientific community for more than a century. Here we review some of the empirical evidence for the existence of power-law forms and the theories proposed to explain them. Addresses: Newman MEJ (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA Univ Michigan, Ctr Study Complex Syst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA E-mail Addresses: mejn at umich.edu Publisher: TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND Subject Category: PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY IDS Number: 958FQ ISSN: 0010-7514 From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Dec 14 16:41:38 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 16:41:38 -0500 Subject: Elmer V. Bernstam MD, MSE1*, Jorge R. et al, "Using citation data to improve retrieval from MEDLINE " published in JAMIA October 12, 2005 Message-ID: TITLE : Using citation data to improve retrieval from MEDLINE AUTHORS: Elmer V. Bernstam MD, MSE1*, Jorge R. Herskovic MD, MS1, Yindalon Aphinyanaphongs MS2, Constantin F. Aliferis MD, PhD2, Madurai G. Sriram1, and William R. Hersh MD3 Affiliation of the authors: 1 School of Health Information Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX; 2 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; 3 Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Objective To determine whether algorithms developed for the World Wide Web can be applied to the biomedical literature in order to identify articles that are important as well as relevant. Design and Measurements A direct comparison of eight algorithms: simple PubMed queries, clinical queries (sensitive and specific versions), vector cosine comparison, citation count, PageRank and machine learning based on polynomial support vector machines. The objective was to prioritize important articles, defined as being included in a pre-existing bibliography of important literature in surgical oncology. Results Citation-based algorithms were more effective than non citation- based algorithms at identifying important articles. The most effective strategies were simple citation count and PageRank, which on average identified over six important articles in the first 100 results compared to 0.85 for the best non-citation based algorithm (p < 0.001). We saw similar differences between citation-based and non citation-based algorithms at 10, 20, 50, 200, 500 and 1000 results (p < 0.001). Citation lag affects performance of PageRank more than simple citation count. However, in spite of citation lag, citation-based algorithms remain more effective than non- citation based algorithms. Conclusion Algorithms which have proven successful on the World Wide Web can be applied to biomedical information retrieval. Citation-based algorithms can help identify important articles within large sets of relevant results. Further studies are needed to determine whether citation- based algorithms can effectively meet actual user information needs. From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Dec 14 16:47:46 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 16:47:46 -0500 Subject: Dale T, Goldfinch S "Article citation rates and productivity of Australasian political science units 1995-2002" AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 40 (3): 425-434 SEP 2005 Message-ID: Author(s): Dale T, Goldfinch S Title: Article citation rates and productivity of Australasian political science units 1995-2002 Source: AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 40 (3): 425-434 SEP 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 13 Times Cited: 0 Addresses: Dale T (reprint author), Univ Canterbury, Dept Comp Sci & Software Engn, Canterbury, New Zealand Univ Canterbury, Dept Comp Sci & Software Engn, Canterbury, New Zealand Univ Otago, Dept Polit Studies, Dunedin, New Zealand Publisher: ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND Subject Category: POLITICAL SCIENCE IDS Number: 953NO ISSN: 1036-1146 Cited References: BOURKE P, 1996, SCIENTOMETRICS, V37, P473. CROZIER M, 2001, AUST J POLIT SCI, V36, P7. GOLDBLUM OM, 2001, DERMATOL ONLINE J, V7, P1. GOLDFINCH S, 2003, POLIT SCI, V55, P39. GOLDFINCH S, 2003, SCIENTOMETRICS, V57, P321. HARGENS LL, 1990, SOC SCI RES, V19, P205. HIX S, 2004, GLOBAL RANKING POLIT. KUHN R, 2001, POLITICS DEP RELATED. LOVELL D, 1994, DIRECTORY AUSTRALASI. NELSON B, 2004, MEDIA RELEASE. PAXTON P, 2003, SOCIOL EDUC, V76, P71. PHELAN TJ, 1999, SCIENTOMETRICS, V45, P117. SMITH A, 2002, CORRELATION RAE RATI. Excerpt: Citations have limitations as a direct measure of research quality (Goldfinch and Bellamy 2001; Goldfinch, DeRouen, and Dale 2003). Despite this, they are used to compare the quality of journals, the quality of departments and other organizations, and to pinpoint developing research areas. Citations are used for promotion, with 60percent of U.S. graduate departments using citation counts when making decisions about hiring, promotion and tenure. (Hargens and Schuman 1990). Citations are also strongly related to other types of peer recognition, including Nobel prizes, awards and fellowships (Phelan 1999). Other measures of research performance, such as the British Research Assessment Exercise, are highly correlated with citation measures (Smith and Eysenck 2002). In political science, economics and sociology, citations per capita for departments have a positive and significant effect on the perceived quality of research units. (Paxton and Bollen 2003). Quantitative measures of research productivity and quality are increasingly important in Australasia where public funding and comparative ranking of universities is tied to, amongst other things, the publication of peer reviewed research. The quantity of peer reviewed research accounts for 10 percent of funding provided under the Research Training Scheme in Australia. Quality issues have also increasingly entered the political rhetoric (Nelson: 2004). In New Zealand, the recently introduced British- influenced Performance Based Research Fund includes article citations as evidence of quality for its research assessment process, along with prestige items such as fellowships that are themselves correlated with citations. Sixty percent of the fund is allocated on the basis of panel- assessed research quality (Goldfinch 2003). Quantity of peer reviewed publications seems to have also influenced the New Zealand research assessments, despite rhetoric otherwise. Aside from direct funding implications, various rankings usually impact on the type and number of students that universities attract and so have indirect influences on funding. As such, whatever their limitations, citation and productivity measures have joined the host of other evaluative and ranking measures that have become a (sometimes unpleasant) reality in modern university life. From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Dec 14 16:49:20 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 16:49:20 -0500 Subject: Barrueco JM, Krichel T "Building an autonomous citation index for grey literature: the economics working papers case " GL6: WORK ON GREY IN PROGRESS, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : 35-40, 2005 Message-ID: FULL TEXT OF THIS ARTICLE AVAILABLE AT : http://eprints.rclis.org/archive/00003072/01/newyork.pdf Title: Building an autonomous citation index for grey literature: the economics working papers case Author(s): Barrueco JM, Krichel T Source: GL6: WORK ON GREY IN PROGRESS, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : 35-40, 2005 Editor(s): Farace DJ Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 3 Conference Information: 6th International Conference on Grey Literature (GL6) New York, NY, DEC 06-07, 2004 New York Acad Med; INIST CNRS; Endeavor Informat Syst Inc Abstract: This paper describes an autonomous citation index named CitEc that has been developed by the authors. The system has been tested using a particular type of grey literature: working papers available in the RePEc (Research Papers in Economics) digital library. Both its architecture and performance are analysed in order to determine if the system has the quality required to be used for information retrieval and for the extraction of bibliometric indicators. Addresses: Univ Valencia, Social Sci Lib, Valencia 46071, Spain Publisher: TEXTRELEASE, GL6 PROGRAM & CONFERENCE BUREAU, BEYSTERVELD 251, AMSTERDAM, 1083 KE, NETHERLANDS IDS Number: BCO80 ISBN: 90-77484-04-3 Cited References: KRICHEL T, GUILDFORD PROTOCOL KRICHEL TR, RES DOCUMENTS INFORM LAWRENCE S, 1999, 8 INT C INF KNOWL MA, P139 From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Dec 14 16:52:23 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 16:52:23 -0500 Subject: Pluye P, Grad RM, Dunikowski LG, Stephenson R "Impact of clinical information-retrieval technology on physicians: A literature review of quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies " International J. Med Informatics 74 (9): 745-768 Sep.2005 Message-ID: E-mail Addresses: Pierre.Pluye at mail.mcgill.ca Title: Impact of clinical information-retrieval technology on physicians: A literature review of quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies Author(s): Pluye P, Grad RM, Dunikowski LG, Stephenson R Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INFORMATICS 74 (9): 745-768 SEP 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 77 Times Cited: 0 Abstract: Purpose: This paper appraises empirical studies examining the impact of clinical information-retrieval technology on physicians and medical students. Methods: The world literature was reviewed up to February 2004. Two reviewers independently identified studies by scrutinising 3368 and 3249 references from bibliographic databases. Additional studies were retrieved by hand searches, and by searching ISI Web of Science for citations of articles. Six hundred and five paper-based articles were assessed for relevance. Of those, 40 (6.6%) were independently appraised by two reviewers for relevance and methodological quality. These articles were quantitative, qualitative or of mixed methods, and 26 (4.3%) were retained for further analysis. For each retained article, two teams used content analysis to review extracted textual material (quantitative results and qualitative findings). Results: Observational studies suggest that nearly one-third of searches using information-retrieval technology may have a positive impact on physicians. Two experimental and three laboratory studies do not reach consensus in support of a greater impact of this technology compared with other sources of information, notably printed educational material. Clinical information-retrieval technology may affect physicians, and further research is needed to examine its impact in everyday practice. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Addresses: Pluye P (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Social Studies Med, 3647 Peel St, Montreal, PQ H3A 1X1 Canada McGill Univ, Dept Social Studies Med, Montreal, PQ H3A 1X1 Canada McGill Univ, Dept Family Med, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T5 Canada Univ Western Ontario, Canadian Lib Family Med, Coll Family Phys Canada, London, ON Canada Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish Hosp, Montreal, PQ Canada Publisher: ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND Subject Category: COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS; HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES; MEDICAL INFORMATICS IDS Number: 964ZO ISSN: 1386-5056 Cited References: *COCHR QUAL RES ME, PROC IMPL METHODS GR. ABRAHAM VA, 1999, P AMIA ANN FALL S, P648. ANGIER JJ, 1990, B MED LIBR ASSOC, V78, P15. BAKER AM, 2001, JOINT COMM J QUAL IM, V27, P179. BRASSEY J, 2001, BRIT MED J, V322, P529. CAMPBELL DT, 1988, METHODOLOGY EPISTEMO, P360. CAPURRO R, 2003, ANNU REV INFORM SCI, V37, P343. CASE DO, 2002, LOOKING INFORMATION. CLARKE M, 2003, HDB 4 1 6 UPDDATE SO. CROWLEY SD, 2003, ACAD MED, V78, P270. CULLEN RJ, 2002, J MED LIBR ASSOC, V90, P370. DAWES M, 2003, INT J MED INFORM, V71, P9. DELMAR CB, 2001, MED J AUSTRALIA, V175, P134. DIGREGORIO S, 2000, C STRAT QUAL RES I E. DIXONWOODS M, 2001, J EVAL CLIN PRACT, V7, P125. DORSCH JL, 2000, B MED LIBR ASSOC, V88, P346. EAKIN JM, 2003, J EVAL CLIN PRACT, V9, P187. EBERHARTPHILLIPS J, 2000, NEW ZEAL MED J, V113, P135. ELLIS D, 1996, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V47, P23. FREEMANTLE N, 2000, COCHRANE DATABASE SY, V2, P172. GARG AX, 2005, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V293, P1223. GELL G, 2001, INT J MED INFORM, V64, P69. GORMAN PN, 1994, B MED LIBR ASSOC, V82, P140. GREENBERG B, 1978, B MED LIBR ASSOC, V66, P319. GRIFFITHS JM, 2002, IEEE ANN HIST COMPUT, V24, P35. HARTER SP, 1997, ANNU REV INFORM SCI, V32, P3. HAYNES RB, 1990, ANN INTERN MED, V112, P78. HAYNES RB, 1991, B MED LIBR ASSOC, V79, P377. HAYWARD JA, 1999, MED J AUSTRALIA, V171, P547. HERSH WR, 1998, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V280, P1347. HERSH WR, 2003, INFORMATION RETRIEVA. HUNT DL, 1998, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V280, P1339. JOUSIMAA J, 1998, INT J TECHNOL ASSESS, V14, P484. JOUSIMAA J, 2002, INT J TECHNOL ASSESS, V18, P586. KAGOLOVSKY Y, 2003, J MED SYST, V27, P399. KAGOLOVSKY Y, 2003, J MED SYST, V27, P409. KAPLAN B, 2001, INT J MED INFORM, V64, P39. KAWAMOTO K, 2005, BRIT MED J, V330, P765. KING DN, 1987, B MED LIBR ASSOC, V75, P291. KLEIN MS, 1994, ACAD MED, V69, P489. LAPINSKY SE, 2001, CRIT CARE, V5, P227. LECUYER R, 1987, PRESSES U QUEBEC, P49. LEUNG GM, 2003, BRIT MED J, V327, P1090. LINDBERG DAB, 1993, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V269, P3124. LOWE HJ, 1996, J AM MED INFORM ASSN, V3, P1. MALTERUD K, 2001, LANCET, V358, P483. MARSHALL JG, 1992, B MED LIBR ASSOC, V80, P169. MITCHELL E, 2001, BRIT MED J, V322, P279. OCONNOR GC, 2002, J PROD INNOVAT MANAG, V19, P1. PATERSON BL, 2003, METASTUDY QUALITATIV. PLUYE P, 2004, J EVAL CLIN PRACT, V10, P413. RIGBY M, 2001, BRIT MED J, V323, P552. ROTHSCHILD JM, 2002, J AM MED INFORM ASSN, V9, P223. SACKETT DL, 1998, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V280, P1336. SANDELOWSKI M, 2003, HDB MIXED METHODS SO, P321. SCHWARTZ K, 2003, FAM MED, V35, P251. SCURA G, 1981, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V245, P50. SIMON HA, 1980, ECONOMICA. SINTCHENKO V, 2004, J AM MED INFORM ASSN, V11, P71. STROUP DF, 2000, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V283, P2008. SWINGLEHURST DA, 2001, QUAL HEALTH CARE, V10, P245. THOMAS J, 2004, BRIT MED J, V328, P1010. TIERNEY WM, 2001, INT J MED INFORM, V62, P1. TORKZADEH G, 1999, OMEGA-INT J MANAGE S, V27, P327. URQUHART CJ, 1996, B MED LIBR ASSOC, V84, P482. VAKKARI P, 2003, ANNU REV INFORM SCI, V37, P413. VEENSTRA RJ, 1992, B MED LIBR ASSOC, V80, P19. WAGNER KC, 2004, J MED LIBR ASSOC, V92, P14. WALTON R, 1999, BRIT MED J, V318, P984. WESTBERG EE, 1999, J AM MED INFORM ASSN, V6, P6. WESTBROOK JI, 2004, J AM MED INFORM ASSN, V11, P113. WILDEMUTH BM, 2000, INFORM PROCESS MANAG, V36, P445. WOOLF SH, 1999, BRIT MED J, V318, P527. WYATT JC, 2000, J ROY SOC MED, V93, P565. WYATT JC, 2001, CLIN KNOWLEDGE PRACT. WYATT JC, 2002, J EPIDEMIOL COMMUN H, V56, P808. ZIELSTORFF RD, 1998, J AM MED INFORM ASSN, V5, P227. From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Dec 14 16:54:03 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 16:54:03 -0500 Subject: Monge-Najera J, Nielsen V "The countries and languages that dominate biological research at the beginning of the 21(st) century " REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA TROPICAL 53 (1-2): 283-294 MAR-JUN 2005 Message-ID: J. Monge-Najera : rbt at cariari.ucr.ac.cr V. Nielsen : vnielsen at cariari.ucr.ac.cr Title: The countries and languages that dominate biological research at the beginning of the 21(st) century Author(s): Monge-Najera J, Nielsen V Source: REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA TROPICAL 53 (1-2): 283-294 MAR-JUN 2005 Language: English Cited References: 14 Times Cited: 0 Abstract: Traditionally, studies of scientific productivity are biased in two ways: they are based on Current Contents, an index centered in British and American journals, and they seldom correct for population size, ignoring the relative effort that each society places in research. We studied national productivity for biology using a more representative index, the Biological Abstracts, and analyzed both total and relative productivity. English dominates biological publications with 87% (no other individual language reaches 2%). If the USA is considered a region by itself, it occupies the First place in per capita production of biology papers, with at least twice the productivity of either Asia or Europe. Canada, Oceania and Latin America occupy an intermediate position, The global output of scientific papers is dominated by Europe, USA, Japan, Canada, China and India. When corrected for population size, the countries with the greatest productivity of biology papers are the Nordic nations, Israel, Switzerland, Netherlands, Australia, Saint Lucia and Montserrat. The predominance of English as the language of biological research found in this study shows a continuation of the trend initiated around the year 1900. The large relative productivity of the USA reflects the importance that American society gives to science as the basis for technological and economic development, but the USA's share of total scientific output has decreased from 44% in 1983 to 34% in 2002, while there is a greater growth of science in India, Japan and Latin America, among others. The increasing share obtained by China and India may reflect a recent change in attitude towards funding science. The leadership of Nordic nations, Israel, Switzerland, Netherlands and Australia can be explained by cultural attitude. Apparently, a positive trend is emerging in Latin America, where Chile improved its ranking in per capita productivity but Argentina, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Brazil and Cuba fell. Nevertheless, the most productive countries in total number of papers are Brazil, Mexico and Argentina: large countries with a long tradition of funding scientific research. Addresses: Monge-Najera J (reprint author), Univ Costa Rica, Revista Biol Trop, San Jose, 2060 Costa Rica Univ Costa Rica, Revista Biol Trop, San Jose, 2060 Costa Rica Univ Costa Rica, Escuela Biol, San Jose, 2060 Costa Rica E-mail Addresses: rbt at cariari.ucr.ac.cr, vnielsen at cariari.ucr.ac.cr Publisher: REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA TROPICAL, UNIVERSIDAD DE COSTA RICA CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA, SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA Subject Category: BIOLOGY IDS Number: 974LO ISSN: 0034-7744 Cited References: BHARVI D, 2003, SCIENTOMETRICS, V56, P81. GARFIELD E, 1984, CURRENT CONTENTS, V20, P3. GARFIELD E, 1984, CURRENT CONTENTS, V20, P3. INONU E, 2003, SCIENTOMETRICS, V56, P137. LI L, 2003, SCIENTOMETRICS, V57, P119. MONGENAJERA I, 2002, REV BIOL TROP, V50, P19. PAPAVERO N, 1995, HIST BIOLOGIA COMPAR. RUIZ ZA, 2003, HISTORIA FIOLOSOFIA. SINGER C, 1959, HIST BIOL YEAR 1900. THELWALL M, 2003, SCIENTOMETRICS, V56, P417. VANLEEUWEN TN, 2003, SCIENTOMETRICS, V57, P257. VANLOOY B, 2003, SCIENTOMETRICS, V57, P355. ZITT M, 2003, SCIENTOMETRICS, V56, P259. ZITT M, 2003, SCIENTOMETRICS, V57, P295. From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Dec 14 16:55:18 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 16:55:18 -0500 Subject: Chen SR, Chiu WT, Ho YS "Asthma in children: mapping the literature by bibliometric analysis " REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE ET D IMMUNOLOGIE CLINIQUE 45 (6): 442-446 OCT 2005 Message-ID: E-mail Addresses: ysho at tmu.edu.tw Title: Asthma in children: mapping the literature by bibliometric analysis Author(s): Chen SR, Chiu WT, Ho YS Source: REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE ET D IMMUNOLOGIE CLINIQUE 45 (6): 442-446 OCT 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 16 Times Cited: 0 Abstract: Aim. - To evaluate the publication output associated with research on asthma in children. Methods. - The data encompassed the period from 1991 to 2002 and were extracted from the Science Citation Index online version. Selected documents included 'asthmatic children' and 'asthma children' as a part of its title, abstract, or keyword from. Parameters analyzed included language, type of document, page count, publication output, country of publication, authorship, publication pattern, and the most frequently cited paper. Results. - The yearly publications have increased from 1991 to 2002. The seven industrialized countries have high productivity in this research field. English was the dominant language, and four or five authors were the moot common number of co-author. The US was the world leader and dominated most of the publications, followed by the UK. Conclusions. - The most important functions of scientific publications are to communicate and exchange research findings and results. The results of the study not only offer a comprehensive picture of asthma in children by bibliometric research, but also demonstrate the performance of research workers, institutions, and even countries. (c) 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. Addresses: Ho YS (reprint author), Taipei Med Univ, Dept Nursing, Sch Publ Hlth, 250 Wu Hsing St, Taipei, 11014 Taiwan Taipei Med Univ, Dept Nursing, Sch Publ Hlth, Taipei, 11014 Taiwan Taipei Med Univ, Wan Fang Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Taipei, 116 Taiwan Taipei Med Univ, Wan Fang Hosp, Bibliometr Ctr, Taipei, 116 Taiwan E-mail Addresses: ysho at tmu.edu.tw Publisher: ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER, 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE Subject Category: ALLERGY IDS Number: 974HT ISSN: 0335-7457 Cited References: AGERTOFT L, 1994, RESP MED, V88, P373. AKINBAMI LJ, 2002, PEDIATRICS, V110, P315. BATLLEGUALDA E, 1998, REV CLIN ESP, V198, P587. CHIU WT, 2004, SCIENTOMETRICS, V61, P69. CHIU WT, 2005, SCIENTOMETRICS, V63, P3. DEDIOS JG, 1999, REV NEUROLOGIA, V28, P463. GROSSI F, 2003, EUR J CANCER, V39, P106. HSIEH WH, 2004, SCIENTOMETRICS, V60, P205. MACIASCHAPULA CA, 1999, SCIENTOMETRICS, V46, P563. MARX W, 2003, SOLID STATE COMMUN, V127, P323. MAVROPOULOS A, 2003, AM J ORTHOD DENTOFAC, V124, P30. MOJONAZZIL SM, 2002, KLIN MONATSBL AUGENH, V219, P866. RODRIGUES PS, 2000, BRAZ J MED BIOL RES, V33, P853. SEARS MR, 1997, LANCET, V350, P1015. SKONER DP, 2001, ALLERGY ASTHMA PROC, V22, P71. WEISS KB, 2001, J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN, V107, P3. From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Dec 14 16:57:11 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 16:57:11 -0500 Subject: Saul EW, Dieckman D "Choosing and using information trade books " READING RESEARCH QUARTERLY 40 (4): 502-513 OCT-NOV 2005 Message-ID: E-mail Addresses: Saulw at umsl.edu ddieck1 at umbc.edu TITLE : Choosing and using information trade books Author(s): Saul EW, Dieckman D Source: READING RESEARCH QUARTERLY 40 (4): 502-513 OCT-NOV 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 84 Times Cited: 0 Addresses: Saul EW (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Coll Educ, Merillac Hall,1 Univ Blvd, St Louis, MO 63121 USA Univ Missouri, Coll Educ, St Louis, MO 63121 USA Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Elementary Sci Integrat Projects, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA E-mail Addresses: Saulw at umsl.edu, ddieck1 at umbc.edu Publisher: INT READING ASSOC, 800 BARKSDALE RD P O BOX 8139, NEWARK, DE 19714 USA Subject Category: PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL; EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH IDS Number: 973TQ ISSN: 0034-0553 Excerpt from paper : ?Other experts interested in content area books tend to laud titles designed to motivate reading and participation in their fields of study. For instance, Garfield (1984), an information scientist and founder of the journal _The Scientist_, recommended science books likely to excite children, books that embody a sense of adventure. He stated that ?there will not then be a long transition from _Call of the Wild_ or _The Time Machine_ to _Microbe Hunters_? (p.431). It is interesting that Garfield, trained both as a scientist and librarian, viewed his goal as preparing for and encouraging pleasure reading as opposed to textbook reading. Cited References: *NAT COUNC SOC STU, 2005, NOT TRAD BOOKS YOUNG. *NAT COUNC SOC SUD, 2005, CURR STAND SOC STUD. *NAT I CHILD HLTH, 2000, TEACH CHILDR EV BAS. *NAT SC TEACH ASS, 2005, NSTA. *NAT SCI TEACH AS, 2005, BOOKS SEL PROC. ALEXANDER PA, 1997, EDUC PSYCHOL, V32, P83. ALVEMANN D, 2004, CONTENT AREA LIT INS. ANDERSON E, 1999, ANN M AM ED RES ASS. ANDERSON RC, 1985, NATION READERS REPOR. ARMBRUSTER B, 2001, PUT READING 1 RES BU. BAKER L, 1999, READ RES QUART, V34, P452. BECK IL, 1984, READ RES QUART, V19, P263. BRENNAN AD, 1986, READ RES QUART, V21, P91. CALKINS L, 1998, TEACHERS GUIDE STAND. CASWELL LJ, 1998, LANG ARTS, V75, P108. CHAMBERS A, 1995, READING ENV ADULTS H. CHAPMAN ML, 1995, RES TEACH ENGL, V29, P164. CLAY M, 1991, LIT CONSTRUCTION INN. COLE AD, 1998, READ TEACH, V51, P488. DONOVAN CA, 2000, READING PSYCHOL, V21, P309. DONOVAN CA, 2001, READ RES QUART, V36, P412. DREHER MJ, 2000, ENGAGING YOUNG READE, P68. DREHER MJ, 2003, READING WRITING Q, V19, P25. DUKE NK, 1998, EARLY CHILD RES Q, V13, P295. DUKE NK, 2000, READ RES QUART, V35, P202. DUKE NK, 2002, WHAT RES HAS SAY REA, P205. DUKE NK, 2003, READING WRITING INFO. DUKE NK, 2004, EDUC LEADERSHIP, V61, P40. DUTHIE C, 1996, TRUE STORIES NONFICT. DYASI HM, 2004, CROSSING BORDERS LIT, P420. FREEMAN EB, 1992, USING NONFICTION TRA. FREEMAN EB, 1998, CONNECTING INFORM CH. FREEMAN EB, 2001, GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES. FRESCH MJ, 1995, READ TEACH, V49, P220. GANS R, 1941, GUIDING CHILDRENS RE. GANS R, 1964, TEACH COLL REC, V66, P89. GARFIELD E, 1984, ESSAYS INFORM SCI, V7, P430. GEE J, 2004, CROSSING BORDERS LIT, P13. GOLDMAN SR, 2002, ONT EP LING PED CONS. GOLDMAN SR, 2002, PSYCHOL SCI TEXT COM, P19. GUTHRIE JT, 1998, EDUC PSYCHOL REV, V10, P177. GUTHRIE JT, 1998, J EDUC PSYCHOL, V90, P261. GUTHRIE JT, 1999, ELEM SCHOOL J, V99, P343. HAND BM, 2003, J RES SCI TEACH, V40, P607. HARVEY S, 1998, NONFICTION MATTERS R. HIEBERT EH, 1998, LIT BASED INSTRUCTIO, P195. HOFFMAN JV, 1993, READ TEACH, V46, P496. KAMBERELIS G, 1999, RES TEACH ENGL, V33, P403. KAMIL M, 2004, CROSSING BORDERS LIT, P123. KAMIL ML, 2005, AM ED RES ASS M CHIC. KLETZIEN SB, 1998, ANN M NAT READ C AUS. KLETZIEN SB, 2004, INFORM TEXT K 3 CLAS. KRISTO JV, 2004, NONFICTION FOCUS COM. LABBO L, 1999, LEARNING MORE FLYING. LEMKE JL, 1985, SYSTEMIC PERSPECTIVE, P275. LEMKE JL, 1989, THEOR PRACT, V28, P136. LEMKE JL, 1990, TALKING SCI TALKING. LEMKE JL, 2002, MAKING MEANINGS TEXT. MELTZER M, 1994, M MELTZER WRITING HI, P24. MORROW LM, 1997, READ RES QUART, V32, P54. MOSS B, 1995, LANG ARTS, V72, P122. MOSS B, 2003, EXPLORING LIT FACT C. PAPPAS CC, 1986, NAT READ C ERIC DOC, P287. PAPPAS CC, 1987, WORLD C APPL LING ER, P299. PAPPAS CC, 1991, LANG ARTS, V68, P449. PAPPAS CC, 1993, J READING BEHAV, V25, P97. PAPPAS CC, 2004, CROSSING BORDERS LIT, P161. PAPPAS CC, 2005, UNPUB IFNORM BOOK GE. PEARSON PD, 1991, HDB READING RES, V2, P815. PEARSON PD, 1992, WHAT RES HAS SAY REA, P145. PORTALUPI J, 2001, NONFICTION CRAFT LES. PRESSLEY M, 1996, ELEM SCHOOL J, V96, P363. PRESSLEY M, 2002, WHAT RES HAS SAY REA, P291. SAUL EW, 1991, VITAL CONNECTIONS CH. SAUL EW, 2002, SCI WORKSH READ WRIT. SAUL EW, 2005, ANN M NAT SCI TEACH. SHORT KG, 1996, CREATING CLASSROOMS. STEAD T, 2002, THAT FACT TEACHING N. SUDOL P, 1996, READ TEACH, V49, P422. VARDELL SM, 1992, USING NONFICTION TRA, P76. VENEZKY RL, 2000, SCI STUD READ, V4, P19. YAGER RE, 2004, CROSSING BORDERS LIT, P95. YORE LD, 2004, CROSSING BORDERS LIT, P71. YORE LD, 2004, READ RES QUART, V39, P347. From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Dec 14 16:58:32 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 16:58:32 -0500 Subject: Pinto M, Berrocal JLA, Garcia JAC, et al "Quality assessment of Spanish universities' Web sites focused on the European Research Area " SCIENTOMETRICS 65 (1): 67-93 OCT 2005 Message-ID: E-mail Addresses: mpinto at ugr.es Title: Quality assessment of Spanish universities' Web sites focused on the European Research Area Author(s): Pinto M, Berrocal JLA, Garcia JAC, Marcial VF, Figuerola CG, Marco JG, Carmen Gomez C, Rodriguez AFZ Source: SCIENTOMETRICS 65 (1): 67-93 OCT 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 67 Times Cited: 0 Abstract: This work has analyzed and evaluated the dissemination of research done at Spanish universities through the World Wide Web (WWW) in order to obtain a map of the visibility of the information available on this research and to propose measures for improving the quality of this diffusion, all within the social and institutional context of the European Area for Higher Education. The methodology applied in the study has used both qualitative and quantitative research methods to obtain some quality indicators on the dissemination of university research. The object of study consists of a sample of 19 Spanish universities, chosen according to their representativeness by Autonomous Community and their administrative and scientific weight. The process of defining indicators, both qualitative and quantitative, as well as the collection and analysis of data, are explained. The results give us a detailed panorama of the state of the art of the visibility of information on research in the web pages of selected universities. This has allowed us to make certain proposals for improvement that can contribute to the excellence of its dissemination. KeyWords Plus: WORLD-WIDE-WEB; LINKS; PATTERNS Addresses: Pinto M (reprint author), Univ Granada, Fac Lib & Informat Sci, Granada, E-18071 Spain Univ Granada, Fac Lib & Informat Sci, Granada, E-18071 Spain Univ Salamanca, Salamanca, E-37008 Spain Univ San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain Univ Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50009 Spain Univ Malaga, Malaga, E-29071 Spain E-mail Addresses: mpinto at ugr.es Publisher: SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS Subject Category: COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS; INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE IDS Number: 959IV ISSN: 0138-9130 Cited References: 2001, B OF EST. *AS INT PERS ORD, 2004, PROY US PAG WEB U ES. *COMM EUR COMM, 2000, EUR RES AR. *COMM EUR COMM, 2000, MEM LIF LEARN COMM. *COMM EUR COMM, 2001, MAK EUR AR LIF LEARN. *COMM EUR COMM, 2002, KNOWL BAS EUR EUR UN. *COMM EUR COMM, 2002, MOR RES EUR 3 GDP CO. *COMM EUR COMM, 2003, ROL U EUR KNOWL. *W3C REC, 1999, WEB CONT ACC GUID 1. AGUILLO I, 2000, JORNADAS ESPANOLAS D, V7, P233. ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130. ALEXANDER JE, 1999, WEB WISDOM EVALUATE. ALMIND TC, 1997, J DOC, V53, P404. BADRE A, 2002, SHAPING WEB USABILIT. BANTJES L, 2000, S AFRICAN J HIGHER E, V14, P121. BAWA J, 2001, USABILITY BUSINESS M. BECK S, 1997, EVALUATION CRITERIA. BERROCAL JLA, 1999, REPRESENTATION ORG C, V5, P91. BERROCAL JLA, 2002, CIBERMETRIA ANALISIS. BOTAFOGO RA, 1992, ACM T INFORM SYST, V10, P142. BRAY T, 1996, 5 INT WORLD WID WEB. BRINCK T, 2002, DESIGNING WEB SITES. BRODER A, 2000, 9 INT WORLD WID WEB. CHAKRABARTI S, 1998, ENHANCED HYPERTEXT C. CHANDLER K, 2003, CUSTOMER CTR DESIGN. CLAUSON JR, 1999, QUALITY MANAGEMENT R. CODINA L, 2000, REVISTA ESPANOLA DOC, V23, P9. CORRY MD, 1997, ETR&D-EDUC TECH RES, V45, P65. DUSTIN E, 2002, QUALITY WEB SYSTEMS. ELLIS D, 1994, J DOC, V50, P67. FALOUTSOS M, 1999, ACM SIGCOMM, P251. FIGUEROLA CG, 1998, JORNADAS ESPANOLAS D, V6, P273. GRAELLS MT, 2003, REVISTA ESPANOLA DOC, V26, P19. GRAHAM I, 2002, PATTERN LANGUAGE WEB. HAYES B, 2000, AM SCI, V88, P9. HOLMES M, 2002, WEB USABILITY NAVIGA. KAPOUN J, 1998, C RL NEWS, P522. KLEINBERG JM, 1999, J ACM, P668. KRUG S, 2000, DONT MAKE THINK COMM. LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107. MANDER R, 2002, WEB USABILITY DUMMIE. MARCO FJG, 1997, ANUARI SOCADI DOCUME, P83. MATEOS MB, 2001, INTERNET RES, V11, P226. MIDDLETON I, 1999, J INFORM SCI, V25, P219. MOLINA MP, 2004, REVISTA ESPANOLA DOC, V27, P245. NIELSEN J, 2000, DESIGNING WEB USABIL. NIELSEN J, 2002, HOMEPAGE USABILITY 5. NORLIN E, 2002, USABILITY TESTING LI. OLSINA L, 1999, NEW REV HYPERMEDIA M, P81. OLSINA L, 1999, WEB ENG WORKSH WWW8. PAISLEY W, 1990, SCHOLARLY COMMUNICAT, P281. PARUNAK HVD, 1989, HYPERTEXT 89 P, P43. PAYNE N, 2004, CYBERMETRICS, V8, P1. PEARROW M, 2002, WIRELESS WEB USABILI. SLOIM E, 2001, TEMESIS QUALITE SERV. SMEATON AF, 1995, INT WORKSH HYPERMEDI. SMITH A, 2002, SCIENTOMETRICS, V54, P363. SMITH AG, 1997, PUBLIC ACCESS COMPUT, V8, P1. SPOOL JM, 1999, WEB SITE USABILITY D. TANG R, 2004, SCIENTOMETRICS, V60, P475. THELWALL M, 2002, J AM SOC INF SCI TEC, V53, P995. THELWALL M, 2003, REVISTA ESPANOLA DOC, V26, P291. THELWALL M, 2004, INFORM PROCESS MANAG, V40, P515. VAUGHAN L, 2005, INFORM PROCESS MANAG, V41, P347. WROBLEWSKI L, 2002, SITE SEEING VISUAL A. YATES RB, 2002, UBICUIDAD USABILIDAD. ZELLOUF Y, 2000, GRILLE DEVALUATION C. From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Dec 14 17:00:41 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 17:00:41 -0500 Subject: Requena J. "Dynamics of the modern Venezuelan research community profile" Scientometrics 65(1): 95-130 October 2005. Message-ID: E-mail Addresses: jaimerequena at cantv.net Title: Dynamics of the modern Venezuelan research community profile Author(s): Requena J Source: SCIENTOMETRICS 65 (1): 95-130 OCT 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 72 Times Cited: 0 Abstract: The main characteristics, human resources, organizational development, R&D output and outcome of the Venezuelan scientific and technological community, are studied in depth for three specific dates - years 1954, 1983 and 1999 -, aiming to reveal its strengths and weaknesses and to establish its dynamics. During the first half of the twentieth century, Venezuela had no major organized or institutionalized scientific activity. From 1954 thru 1983, the State built a considerable number of institutions mostly for research and development activities. Initially, researchers came from classical professions but were later substituted by graduates in scientific and technological disciplines. Biomedical and basic sciences are the areas of knowledge favored by researchers while, in terms of intellectual creation, social sciences and humanities seem to be the less productive, despite being one of the fields of knowledge embraced by most professionals. Although from 1983 on there has been no major input to the national S&T system, the research community showed a few years of growth in absolute terms in the number of publications, however national productivity decreased during the last decade of the century. It is believed that this reflects an aging, asphyxiated and self-consuming community using its reserves at a maximum rate. The S&T system constructed exhibits a dominance of the public sector that privileged, financially, the hydrocarbon related technological/service industry at the expense of academic research in universities while maintaining agribusiness related service and developmental research at the same level of expenditure throughout the last twenty years of the twentieth century. While the generation - practically from zero - of a modern R&D community in Venezuela, together with higher education, could well be one of the most significant accomplishments of democracy in Venezuela, this remarkable social achievement has been put in peril by neglect and changes in public policies. Downturn of the national S&T system is bound to worsen due to a virtual collapse, on February 4, 2002, of the R&D centre of the nationalized oil industry. Addresses: Requena J (reprint author), POB 80383,Prados Este Baruta, Caracas, 1080A Venezuela Acad Ciencias Fis Matemat & Nat, Caracas, Venezuela E-mail Addresses: jaimerequena at cantv.net Publisher: SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS Subject Category: COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS; INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE IDS Number: 959IV ISSN: 0138-9130 Cited References: 1992, INTERCIENCIA, V17. *OPSU, B EST ED SUP OPSU. *OPSU, 2001, CUAD OPSU. *SIBIC CONICIT, 1998, SIST INF BEC INV CON. ALBORNOZ O, 2003, HIGHER ED STRATEGIES. ALVARADO L, 2001, TECNOLOGIAS DESARROL. AVILA JL, 1983, INTERCIENCIA, V8, P79. BAPTISTA A, 1987, PETROLEO PENSAMIENTO. BAPTISTA A, 2003, ESTA VENEZUELA REALI. BARBIERI EE, 1989, IND VENEZOLANA HIDRO. BIFANO JL, 2001, INVENTOS INVENTORES. BLASCO PG, 1980, INTEREIENCIA, V5, P223. BROSSARD E, 1994, INTEVEP RUTA DESTINO. CALDERON HR, 1990, INTERCIENCIA, V15, P8. CALDERON HR, 1997, TRAS FUEGO PROMETO B. CARDOZA G, 1999, U ANTE SIGLO, V21, P59. CONICIT, VARIOUS ANN REPORTS. CONICIT, 1985, DIRECTORIO INVESTIGA. CONICIT, 1995, INDICADORES CAPACIDA. CONRAD J, 1963, NOSTROMO. CORONIL F, 1997, MAGICAL STATE NATURE. DEGIL ER, 1996, INTERCIENCIA, V21, P272. DEUZCATEGUI DA, 1973, DIAGNOSTICO ACTIVIDE. DIAZ E, 1983, CIENCIA PERIFERICA C, P73. FERNANDEZMORAN H, 1950, ACTA CIENT VENEZ, V1, P85. FERNANDEZMORAN H, 1955, REVISTA NACL HOSP, V6, P73. FREITES Y, 1982, ACTA CIENT VENEZ, V33, P431. FREITES Y, 1992, CIENCIA VENEZUELA PA, P65. FREITES Y, 1992, TIEMPOS CAMBIO CIENC. GARBI E, 1991, FUGA TALENTO VENEZUE. GARCIA FC, 1984, EDUCACION SUPERIOR V. GASPARINI O, 1969, INVESTIGACION VENEZU. GIORDANI J, 1994, CIENCIA TECNOLOGIA P. GONZALEZ E, 1992, INTERCIENCIA, V17, P358. GONZALEZ E, 1997, TRIBUNA INVESTIGADOR, V4, P18. GUADILLA CG, 1993, CUADERNOS CENDES, V22, P67. GUADILLA CG, 1996, CUADERNOS CRESALC UN. JASPE R, 1982, INTERCIENCIA, V7, P295. LEAL I, 1981, HIST UCV 1721 1981. LEMOINE W, 1986, ACTA CIENT VENEZ, V37, P1. LEMOINE W, 1987, ACTA CIENT VENEZ, V38, P304. LEMOINE W, 1988, INTERCIENCIA, V13, P252. LEMOINE W, 1991, ROLE WOMEN DEV SCI T, P728. LEMOINE W, 1992, SCIENTOMETRICS, V24, P281. MARTINS GM, 1987, REV BRASILEIRA TECHN, V18, P38. MARTZ JD, 1977, VENEZUELA DEMOCRATIC. MENDOZA F, 1979, VENEZUELA MODERNA ME. ORTIZ EF, 1997, ANAL SOCIO EC VENEZU. PALMA PA, 1989, VENEZUELA CONT, P157. REQUENA J, 2002, B ACAD NACL HIST, V85, P101. REQUENA J, 2003, INTERCIENCIA, V28, P21. REQUENA J, 2003, INTERCIENCIA, V28, P66. REQUENA J, 2003, MEDIO SIGLO CIENCIA. REQUENA J, 2003, NATURE, V422, P257. REQUENA J, 2003, REVISTA VENEZOLANA C, V24, P5. REY JC, 1989, REVISTA CAYEY, V12, P77. ROCHE M, 1965, CIENCIA NUESTRO PROG. ROCHE M, 1982, INTERCIENCIA, V7, P279. ROCHE M, 1982, PARTICIPACION COMUNI, P13. ROCHE M, 1987, IN CIENTIFICAS HIST, P209. ROCHE M, 1992, CIENCIA VENEZUELA PA, P81. ROCHE M, 1992, SCIENTOMETRICS, V23, P267. ROCHE M, 1996, PERFIL CIENCIA VENEZ. SAAVEDRA F, 1993, SCIENTOMETRICS, V27, P105. SAGASTI FR, 1989, INTERCIENCIA, V14, P18. SECRETARIA UCV, 1985, ARCH HIST. TEXERA Y, 1992, CIENCIA VENEZUELA PA, P51. URBINA J, 1992, CIENCIA VENEZUELA PA, P119. VELASQUEZ R, 2005, BIBLIO BIOGRAFICA VE, V1. VESSURI H, 1996, PERFIL CIENCIA VENEZ, P9. VESSURI H, 1998, CUADERNOS CENDES ANO, V15, P103. VESSURI H, 2002, VENEZUELA DESAFIO IN, P189. From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Dec 14 17:02:17 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 17:02:17 -0500 Subject: McCain KW, Verner JM, Hislop GW, Evanco W, Cole V "The use of bibliometric and Knowledge Elicitation techniques to map a knowledge domain: Software Engineering in the 1990s " SCIENTOMETRICS 65 (1): 131-144 OCT 2005 Message-ID: E-mail Addresses: Kate.McCain at cis.drexel.edu Title: The use of bibliometric and Knowledge Elicitation techniques to map a knowledge domain: Software Engineering in the 1990s Author(s): McCain KW, Verner JM, Hislop GW, Evanco W, Cole V Source: SCIENTOMETRICS 65 (1): 131-144 OCT 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 20 Times Cited: 0 Abstract: Parallel mappings of the intellectual and cognitive structure of Software Engineering (SE) were conducted using Author Cocitation Analysis (ACA), PFNet Analysis, and card sorting, a Knowledge Elicitation (KE) method. Cocitation counts for 60 prominent SE authors over the period 1990 - 1997 were gathered from SCISEARCH. Forty-six software engineers provided similar data by sorting authors' names into labeled piles. At the 8 cluster level, ACA and KE identified similar author clusters representing key areas of SE research and application, though the KE labels suggested some differences between the way that the authors' works were used and how they were perceived by respondents. In both maps, the clusters were arranged along a horizontal axis moving from "micro" to "macro" level R&D activities (correlation of X axis coordinates = 0.73). The vertical axis of the two maps differed (correlation of Y axis coordinates = -0.08). The Y axis of the ACA map pointed to a continuum of high to low formal content in published work, whereas the Y axis of the KE map was anchored at the bottom by "generalist" authors and at the top by authors identified with a single, highly specific and consistent specialty. The PFNet of the raw ACA counts identified Boehm, Basili, and Booch as central figures in subregions of the network with Boehm being connected directly or through a single intervening author with just over 50% of the author set. The ACA and KE combination provides a richer picture of the knowledge domain and provide useful cross- validation. Addresses: McCain KW (reprint author), Drexel Univ, Coll Informat Sci & Technol, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA Drexel Univ, Coll Informat Sci & Technol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA Natl ICT Australia, Sydney, NSW Australia Interlace Corp, Princeton, NJ USA E-mail Addresses: Kate.McCain at cis.drexel.edu Publisher: SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS Subject Category: COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS; INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE IDS Number: 959IV ISSN: 0138-9130 Cited References: BAGERT DJ, 2003, SOFTWARE ENG. BAUER FL, 1972, INFORMATION PROCESSI, P71. BORGATTI SP, 2002, UNCINET 6 WINDOWS. BORNER K, 2003, ANNU REV INFORM SCI, V37, P179. BUZYDLOWSKI JW, 2002, LECT NOTES COMPUT SC, V2539, P133. BUZYDLOWSKI JW, 2003, THESIS DREXEL U. COOKE NJ, 1994, INT J HUM-COMPUT ST, V41, P801. FAIRLEY R, 1985, SOFTWARE ENG CONCEPT. HJORLAND B, 1995, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V46, P400. HUBERT L, 1976, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V29, P190. MARION LS, 2001, J AM SOC INF SCI TEC, V52, P297. MCCAIN KW, 1986, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V37, P111. MCCAIN KW, 1988, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V39, P428. MCCAIN KW, 1990, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V41, P433. MILLER GA, 1969, J MATH PSYCHOL, V6, P169. SOMMERVILLE I, 2001, SOFTWARE ENG. VERNER JM, 2001, J SYST SOFTWARE, V59, P99. WHITE HD, 1990, SCHOLARLY COMMUNICAT, P84. WHITE HD, 1997, ANNU REV INFORM SCI, V32, P99. WHITE HD, 2003, J AM SOC INF SCI TEC, V54, P423. From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Dec 14 17:04:50 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 14 Dec 2005 17:04:50 -0500 Subject: Cardinal BJ, Thomas JR "The 75th Anniversary of Research Quarterly for Exrercise and Sport: An analysis of status and contributions " Research Quarterly For Exercise And Sport 76 (2): S122-S134 Suppl. S, JUN 2005 Message-ID: E-mail Addresses: B.J. Cardinal : Brad.Cardinal at oregonstate.edu Title: The 75th Anniversary of Research Quarterly for Exrercise and Sport: An analysis of status and contributions Author(s): Cardinal BJ, Thomas JR Source: RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 76 (2): S122-S134 Suppl. S, JUN 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 47 Times Cited: 1 Abstract: In celebration of the 75th anniversary of The Research Quarterly/Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (RQ/RQES) an analysis was conducted comparing RQ/RQES to numerous other journals in the field with regard to impact factors and citation rates. A series of analyses was conducted from the first publication of RQ/RQES in 1930 through this 75th edition to identify total citations by decade, the top 10 cited papers, top cited papers by decade, the top three papers in 5-year intervals from the 50th anniversary issue in 1980 through 2001, and the outstanding research writing award papers since this award began 23 years ago. Several tables appear in this paper covering the following : Table 1. Kinesiology journals with impact factors, 2002 citations, and citations per paper. Table 2. Journals from related fields with impact factors, 2002 citations and citations per paper. Table 3. Top 10 journals most frequently citing RQES and top 10 journals cited by RQES. Table 4. Most cited articles published in The Research Quarterly / Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport by decade, 1930-2003. Table 5. Ten most cited articles published in The Research Quarterly / Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sort, 1030-2003. Table 6. Top cited papers in three kinesiology journals. Table 7. Top three most highly cited papers from Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport in 5-year intervals ? 1981-2001. Table 8. Papers published in Research Quarterly for Exercise nd Sport (RQES) receiving the Research Consortium?s Outstanding Research Writing Award. Addresses: Cardinal BJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Exercise & Sport Sci, 220 Langton Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA Oregon State Univ, Dept Exercise & Sport Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA Iowa State Univ, Dept Hlth & Human Performance, Ames, IA 50011 USA Publisher: AMER ALLIANCE HEALTH PHYS EDUC REC & DANCE, 1900 ASSOCIATION DRIVE, RESTON, VA 22091 USA Subject Category: PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED; PSYCHOLOGY; SPORT SCIENCES IDS Number: 950ZD ISSN: 0270-1367 Cited References: ADAMS JA, 1971, J MOTOR BEHAV, V3, P111. AINSWORTH BE, 1993, MED SCI SPORT EXER, V25, P71. AMIN M, 2000, PERSPECTIVES PUBLISH, V1, P1. BERRYMAN JW, 1995, OUT MANY 1 HIST AM C. BLAIR SN, 1996, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V67, P193. BOOTH ML, 1996, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V67, P221. BORG GAV, 1992, MED SCI SPORTS EXERC, V14, P377. BRUSTAD RJ, 1996, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V67, P316. CLARKE HH, 1938, RES QUART, V9, P25. DAY RA, 1983, WRITE PUBLISH SCI PA. DISHMAN RK, 1981, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V52, P143. DUDA JL, 1989, J SPORT EXERCISE PSY, V11, P318. DUDA JL, 1991, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V62, P79. FELDMAN AG, 1986, J MOTOR BEHAV, V18, P17. FELTZ DL, 1983, J SPORT PSYCHOL, V5, P25. GARFIELD E, 1994, IMPACT FACTOR. GARFIELD E, 1997, ANN M AM COLL SPORTS. GODIN G, 1986, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V57, P41. GOODE S, 1986, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V57, P308. HENRY FM, 1960, RES QUART, V31, P448. JACKSON AS, 1980, MED SCI SPORTS EXERC, V12, P175. JEANNEROD M, 1984, J MOTOR BEHAV, V16, P235. JONES BJ, 1972, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V43, P23. MARCUS BH, 1992, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V63, P60. MONTOYE HJ, 1980, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V51, P261. MORGAN WP, 1981, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V52, P385. MORROW JR, 1992, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V63, P200. MORROW JR, 1993, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V64, R3. PARK RJ, 1980, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V51, P1. REED KL, 1995, B MED LIBR ASSOC, V83, P503. SAFRIT MJ, 1986, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V57, P91. SALLIS JF, 1991, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V62, P124. SCHUTZ RW, 1987, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V58, P132. SKINNER JS, 1980, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V51, P234. STERNBERG RJ, 1996, PSYCHOL SCI, V7, P69. STULL GA, 1991, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V62, P245. THOMAS JR, 1981, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V52, P359. THOMAS JR, 1986, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V57, P196. THOMAS JR, 1989, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V60, R5. THOMPSON JA, 1991, J CLIN LAB ANAL, V5, P344. TREASURE DC, 2001, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V72, P165. TUDORLOCKE CE, 2001, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V72, P1. TWEEDY SM, 2003, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V74, P9. VEALEY RS, 1986, J SPORT PSYCHOL, V8, P221. WEISS MR, 1993, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V64, R3. WELK GJ, 2000, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V71, P59. WULF G, 2001, RES Q EXERCISE SPORT, V72, P335. From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Thu Dec 15 14:26:28 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Thu, 15 Dec 2005 14:26:28 -0500 Subject: Pai SA "Indian journals cross the impact factor of 1.00 " NATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDIA 18 (4): 222-222 JUL-AUG 2005 Message-ID: Sanjay A. Pai : s_pai at vsnl.com Title: Indian journals cross the impact factor of 1.00 Author(s): Pai SA Source: NATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDIA 18 (4): 222-222 JUL-AUG 2005 Document Type: News Item Language: English Cited References: 0 Times Cited: 0 Publisher: ALL INDIA INST MEDICAL SCIENCES, ANSARI NAGAR, NEW DELHI 110 029, INDIA Subject Category: MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL IDS Number: 974XI ISSN: 0970-258X FULL TEXT: Two Indian journals have crossed the impact factor (IF) of 1.00 for the first time ever. The Journal Citation Reports 2004 included 5968 journals, of which 47 were from India. The two journals are Journal of Biosciences (IF 1.102) and Journal of Genetics (1.100). Other Indian medical journals are The National Medical Journal of India (0.626, fourth in the list of Indian journals). Indian Journal of Medical Resarch (0.6, fifth in the list) and Neurology India (0.339). The multidisciplinary journal Current Science has an IF of 0.688 and is third in the list. It is of interest that the first three journals are published by the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore. *(based on a report by Jain NC. Curr Sci 2005:89:429). Sanjay A. Pai, Bangalore, Karnataka From quentinburrell at MANX.NET Thu Dec 15 16:12:45 2005 From: quentinburrell at MANX.NET (Quentin L. Burrell) Date: Thu, 15 Dec 2005 21:12:45 -0000 Subject: Newman, MEJ "Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf's law" Contemporary Physics 46 (5). SEP-OCT 2005. p.323-351 Message-ID: Eugene Many thanks for this. I contacted Mark Newman and you can find this among his other publications at http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/pubs.html It is a survey article and - after a quick look - seems worth further study. I particularly liked the fact that he acknowledges that these laws usually apply only to the upper tails of the distributions to which they are applied. This is a point that has always worried me in informetric applications where people are too quick to claim a straight line in the log-log graph. Incidentally, Derek Price's foundation paper is mentioned but nothing else from the informetrics field! We need greater impact! Seasonal greetings to all Quentin ********************************** Dr Quentin L Burrell Isle of Man International Business School The Nunnery Old Castletown Road Douglas Isle of Man IM2 1QB via United Kingdom www.ibs.ac.im ----- Original Message ----- From: "Eugene Garfield" To: Sent: Wednesday, December 14, 2005 9:16 PM Subject: [SIGMETRICS] Newman, MEJ "Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf's law" Contemporary Physics 46 (5). SEP-OCT 2005. p.323-351 > Adminstrative info for SIGMETRICS (for example unsubscribe): > http://web.utk.edu/~gwhitney/sigmetrics.html > > E-mail Addresses: Newman, MEJ : mejn at umich.edu > > TITLE: Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf's law (Review, > English) > AUTHOR: Newman, MEJ > > Source: CONTEMPORARY PHYSICS 46 (5): 323-351 SEP-OCT 2005 > > Document Type: Review Language: English > Cited References: 70 Times Cited: 0 > > Abstract: > When the probability of measuring a particular value of some quantity > varies inversely as a power of that value, the quantity is said to follow > a > power law, also known variously as Zipf's law or the Pareto distribution. > Power laws appear widely in physics, biology, earth and planetary > sciences, > economics and finance, computer science, demography and the social > sciences. For instance, the distributions of the sizes of cities, > earthquakes, forest. res, solar flares, moon craters and people's personal > fortunes all appear to follow power laws. The origin of power-law > behaviour > has been a topic of debate in the scientific community for more than a > century. Here we review some of the empirical evidence for the existence > of > power-law forms and the theories proposed to explain them. > > > Addresses: Newman MEJ (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann > Arbor, MI 48109 USA > Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA > Univ Michigan, Ctr Study Complex Syst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA > > E-mail Addresses: mejn at umich.edu > > Publisher: TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 > 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND > Subject Category: PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY > IDS Number: 958FQ > > ISSN: 0010-7514 From davisc at INDIANA.EDU Thu Dec 15 20:53:48 2005 From: davisc at INDIANA.EDU (Charles H. Davis) Date: Thu, 15 Dec 2005 20:53:48 -0500 Subject: Newman, MEJ "Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf's law" Contemporary Physics 46 (5). SEP-OCT 2005. p.323-351 In-Reply-To: <00a401c601bc$4b94a4f0$0201a8c0@quentin> Message-ID: As a physical scientist, I realize that the power law goes back a very long way and covers a variety of disciplines; however, as one who actually talked with Derek Price, I know he hadn't fully investigated the difference between 'power' and 'exponential' -- a non-trivial distintiction when it comes to such matters. In this connection please take a look (or another look) at the article Blaise Cronin and I contributed before all this became so popular: Davis, C. H. & Cronin, B. (1993) J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. 44, 590?592. Thanks! P.S. Reprints or copies available on request. ____________________________ Charles H. Davis, Ph.D. Senior Fellow SLIS; Informatics Indiana University http://mypage.iu.edu/~davisc Quoting "Quentin L. Burrell" : > Adminstrative info for SIGMETRICS (for example unsubscribe): > http://web.utk.edu/~gwhitney/sigmetrics.html > > Eugene > > Many thanks for this. > > I contacted Mark Newman and you can find this among his other publications > at > > http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/pubs.html > > It is a survey article and - after a quick look - seems worth further study. > I particularly liked the fact that he acknowledges that these laws usually > apply only to the upper tails of the distributions to which they are > applied. This is a point that has always worried me in informetric > applications where people are too quick to claim a straight line in the > log-log graph. > > Incidentally, Derek Price's foundation paper is mentioned but nothing else > from the informetrics field! We need greater impact! > > Seasonal greetings to all > > Quentin > > ********************************** > Dr Quentin L Burrell > Isle of Man International Business School > The Nunnery > Old Castletown Road > Douglas > Isle of Man IM2 1QB > via United Kingdom > > www.ibs.ac.im > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Eugene Garfield" > To: > Sent: Wednesday, December 14, 2005 9:16 PM > Subject: [SIGMETRICS] Newman, MEJ "Power laws, Pareto distributions and > Zipf's law" Contemporary Physics 46 (5). SEP-OCT 2005. p.323-351 > > >> Adminstrative info for SIGMETRICS (for example unsubscribe): >> http://web.utk.edu/~gwhitney/sigmetrics.html >> >> E-mail Addresses: Newman, MEJ : mejn at umich.edu >> >> TITLE: Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf's law (Review, >> English) >> AUTHOR: Newman, MEJ >> >> Source: CONTEMPORARY PHYSICS 46 (5): 323-351 SEP-OCT 2005 >> >> Document Type: Review Language: English >> Cited References: 70 Times Cited: 0 >> >> Abstract: >> When the probability of measuring a particular value of some quantity >> varies inversely as a power of that value, the quantity is said to follow >> a >> power law, also known variously as Zipf's law or the Pareto distribution. >> Power laws appear widely in physics, biology, earth and planetary >> sciences, >> economics and finance, computer science, demography and the social >> sciences. For instance, the distributions of the sizes of cities, >> earthquakes, forest. res, solar flares, moon craters and people's personal >> fortunes all appear to follow power laws. The origin of power-law >> behaviour >> has been a topic of debate in the scientific community for more than a >> century. Here we review some of the empirical evidence for the existence >> of >> power-law forms and the theories proposed to explain them. >> >> >> Addresses: Newman MEJ (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann >> Arbor, MI 48109 USA >> Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA >> Univ Michigan, Ctr Study Complex Syst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA >> >> E-mail Addresses: mejn at umich.edu >> >> Publisher: TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 >> 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND >> Subject Category: PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY >> IDS Number: 958FQ >> >> ISSN: 0010-7514 > From loet at LEYDESDORFF.NET Sat Dec 17 06:35:07 2005 From: loet at LEYDESDORFF.NET (Loet Leydesdorff) Date: Sat, 17 Dec 2005 12:35:07 +0100 Subject: Scientific Journal Shenanigans In-Reply-To: Message-ID: Dear colleagues: Does someone happen to have a subscription on The Wall Street Journal so that it is easy to download the electronic version of the full text? I would like to use this in an education program. Thanks in advance. With best wishes, Loet > December 13, 2005 > > > PAGE ONE > > > DOW JONES REPRINTS > > Ghost Story > At Medical Journals, Writers > Paid by Industry Play Big Role > > Articles Appear Under Name > Of Academic Researchers, > But They Often Get Help > J&J Receives a Positive 'Spin' > By ANNA WILDE MATHEWS > Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL December 13, 2005; Page A1 > > In 2001, the American Journal of Kidney Diseases published an > article that touted the use of synthetic vitamin D. Its > author was listed as Alex J. > Brown, an associate professor at Washington University in St. Louis. > > But recently, that same article was featured as a work sample > by a different person: Michael Anello, a free-lance medical > writer, who posted a summary of it on his Web site. Mr. > Anello says he was hired to write the article by a > communications firm working for Abbott Laboratories, which > makes a version of the vitamin D product. Dr. Brown agrees he > got help in writing but says he redid part of the draft. > > It's an example of an open secret in medicine: Many of the > articles that appear in scientific journals under the bylines > of prominent academics are actually written by ghostwriters > in the pay of drug companies. These seemingly objective > articles, which doctors around the world use to guide their > care of patients, are often part of a marketing campaign by > companies to promote a product or play up the condition it treats. > > A HIDDEN ROLE? > > > Now questions about the practice are mounting as medical > journals face unprecedented scrutiny of their role as > gatekeeper for scientific information. Last week, the New > England Journal of Medicine admitted that a 2000 article it > published highlighting the advantages of Merck & Co.'s Vioxx > painkiller omitted information about heart attacks among > patients taking the drug. The journal has said the deletions > were made by someone working from a Merck computer. Merck > says the heart attacks happened after the study's cutoff date > and it did nothing wrong. > > The Annals of Internal Medicine tightened its policies on > writer disclosure this year after a University of Arizona > professor listed as the lead author of a Vioxx article in > 2003 said he had little to do with the research in it. > > The practice of letting ghostwriters hired by communications > firms draft journal articles -- sometimes with > acknowledgment, often without -- has served many parties > well. Academic scientists can more easily pile up high- > profile publications, the main currency of advancement. > Journal editors get clearly written articles that look > authoritative because of their well- credentialed authors. > > Increasingly, though, editors and some academics are stepping > forward to criticize the practice, saying it could hurt > patients by giving doctors biased information. "Scientific > research is not public relations," says Robert Califf, vice > chancellor of clinical research at Duke University Medical > Center. "If you're a firm hired by a company trying to sell a > product, it's an entirely different thing than having an open > mind for scientific inquiry. ...What would happen to a PR > firm that wrote a paper that said this product stinks? Do you > think their contract would be renewed?" > > Drug companies say they're providing a service to busy > academic researchers, some of whom may not be skilled > writers. The companies say they don't intend for their > ghostwriters to bias the tone of articles that appear under > the researchers' names. > > Authors "have to sign off on everything," says Mark Horn, a > Pfizer Inc. > medical director. "This is properly viewed as a way to more > efficiently make the transition from raw data to finished > manuscript." Professors who get writing help generally say > they give the writers input and check the work carefully. > > > The criticism of ghostwriting is one of several issues that > have put scientific journals on the defensive. Even journal > editors acknowledge they have sometimes done a poor job of > detecting when articles cherry-pick favorable data to promote > a particular drug or treatment. Some health insurers have > stopped taking what they read in the journals on faith and > are employing analysts to scrutinize articles for negative > data that are buried. > > It's hard to say how widespread ghostwriting is. An analysis > presented at a medical-journal conference in September found > that just 10% of articles on studies sponsored by the drug > industry that appeared in top medical journals disclosed help > from a medical writer. Often the help isn't disclosed. An > informal poll of 71 free-lance medical writers by the > American Medical Writers Association found that 80% had > written at least one manuscript that didn't mention their > contributions. > > In the case of the vitamin D article, Dr. Brown says Abbott > asked him to write it but he didn't have time. He had written > an earlier article on the subject. "They said they would have > one of their people write it, update my old review article > and I would check it," he recalls. Mr. Anello, a Milwaukee > writer who studied biochemistry at the University of > Wisconsin, says he wrote the new article. "I've done a lot of > ghostwriting jobs," he says, adding that sometimes he works > closely with the named authors. (See related document excerpts3.) > > Dr. Brown says he had to rewrite "at least 30% to 40%" of Mr. > Anello's draft. In retrospect, he says, he probably should > have asked Abbott who Mr. Anello was and "if that person > should be acknowledged." Abbott said the article's content > was "under the complete discretion" of Dr. Brown and didn't > discuss details. The journal's managing editor declined to > comment because the journal is under new management. > > Following questions from The Wall Street Journal, Mr. Anello > removed the article summary from his Web site. Until > recently, his online bibliography listed other scientific > publications he has written under others' bylines that have > yet to be published. The byline on one was "author to be named." > > Medical writers frequently have scientific backgrounds. Some > work for universities, drug companies or > medical-communications firms, while others are free-lancers > who typically get $90 to $120 an hour. A communications firm > may charge $30,000 or more to have a team of writers, editors > and graphic designers put together an article. Some of these > firms are part of larger companies in publishing and > advertising such as Thomson Corp. and Reed Elsevier PLC. > > Elsevier's Excerpta Medica unit helps clients craft > publications for prestigious scientific journals. Elsevier > itself publishes many such journals, most notably The Lancet. > Excerpta Medica says on its Web site that its relationship > with its corporate parent's journals "allows us access to > editors and editorial boards." (See related excerpt4.) > > But Sabine Kleinert, an executive editor at The Lancet, says > she has never worked with Excerpta Medica and rejects > articles that have a marketing spin. "Promotion has a > different goal than publishing a legitimate research study," > says Dr. Kleinert. She suspects companies sometimes influence > medical writers "to write it up in a certain way to make a > product sound more efficacious than it is." > > A 1999 document that turned up in a lawsuit describes > Pfizer's publications strategy for its antidepressant Zoloft. > The document, prepared by a unit of ad giant WPP Group, > includes 81 different articles proposed for journals. They > would promote the drug's use in conditions from panic > disorder to pedophilia. (See related excerpt5.) > > Author 'to Be Determined' > > For some articles, the name of the author was listed as > "TBD," or "to be determined," even though the article or a > draft was listed as already completed. Several of the listed > articles ultimately ran in scientific publications -- > including one in JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical > Association -- without disclosing the role of outside writers. > > In a statement responding to questions from The Wall Street > Journal, Pfizer said agencies sometimes "pull together first > draft manuscripts" > based on information provided by researchers who will serve > as authors. It says the academics who were later given credit > as lead authors of the "TBD" articles were instrumental in > designing the studies that the articles described. The lead > authors said they had input into the drafts and approved the > final papers. > > > In recent years, more journal editors have begun demanding > that academic authors of studies explain their exact roles > and disclose any work by medical writers. The editors say the > writers can perform a valuable role so long as it's disclosed > to readers. > > Writers agree -- and the American Medical Writers Association > is pressing for greater acknowledgment of its members' work. > But some medical writers say they fear articles with full > disclosure are likely to get bounced. > Editors "say they want disclosure, but if you do it, they > scream, 'ghostwriter!' " says Art Gertel, who oversees > medical writing at Beardsworth Consulting Group in > Flemington, N.J. "Despite the cries for transparency, the > journal editors still feel that there's an element of > corruption if a medical writer is paid by a drug company." > > Catherine DeAngelis, JAMA's editor in chief, says even a > conscientious journal can only go so far in policing > academics. "I don't give lie- detector tests to people," Dr. > DeAngelis says. > > BMJ, a British medical journal, has one of the toughest > disclosure policies, but it can get misled. Last year, a note > at the end of a BMJ article on painkillers and asthma said > the article was "conceived and initiated" by its three > academic authors. Lead author Christine Jenkins "performed > the analysis and drafted the paper," the note said, adding > that the work wasn't funded by a drug company. Dr. Jenkins is > a senior researcher at Australia's Woolcock Institute of > Medical Research, which has ties to the University of Sydney. > (See related excerpts6.) > > In fact, a medical writer paid by GlaxoSmithKline PLC helped > draft the manuscript, the drug company confirms. The analysis > was almost identical to an earlier, unpublished one that the > company says was "initiated" by that writer. Both analyses > concluded that acetaminophen or Tylenol (sold under a > different name by GlaxoSmithKline in Britain) was safer for > asthma patients than aspirin or other painkillers. (See > related excerpts7.) > > Dr. Jenkins says the structure of her work was "suggested" by > the company version but she and the other authors did their > own analysis. Dr. Jenkins says she personally "wrote a very > large chunk" of the BMJ article and worked closely with the > writer. Dr. Jenkins and GlaxoSmithKline declined to give the > writer's name. > > Dr. Jenkins says she didn't know that the company paid the writer. > GlaxoSmithKline didn't pay Dr. Jenkins for the BMJ article, > but the company previously paid her to speak at a conference > and has given a major grant to the Woolcock Institute. > > In a statement, GlaxoSmithKline says the paper "should have > disclosed the involvement of a medical writer compensated by > GSK." The company says it "regards the omission as a lapse on > the part of GSK." > > Fiona Godlee, BMJ's editor, says Dr. Jenkins "should have > declared the involvement of the medical writer." Dr. Godlee > says the journal will print papers that involve a medical > writer, but she believes "the actual authors have to be > incredibly closely involved." > > When articles are ghostwritten by someone paid by a company, > the big question is whether the article gets slanted. That's > what one former free- lance medical writer alleges she was > told to do by a company hired by Johnson & Johnson. > > Instruction Sheet > > Susanna Dodgson, who holds a doctorate in physiology, says > she was hired in 2002 by Excerpta Medica, the Elsevier > medical-communications firm, to write an article about J&J's > anemia drug Eprex. A J&J unit had sponsored a study measuring > whether Eprex patients could do well taking the drug only > once a week. The company was facing competition from a rival > drug sold by Amgen Inc. that could be given once a week or less. > > Dr. Dodgson says she was given an instruction sheet directing > her to emphasize the "main message of the study" -- that > 79.3% of people with anemia had done well on a once-a-week > Eprex dose. In fact, only 63.2% of patients responded well as > defined by the original study protocol, according to a report > she was provided. That report said the study's goal "could > not be reached." Both the instruction sheet and the report > were viewed by The Wall Street Journal. The higher figure Dr. > Dodgson was asked to highlight used a broader definition of > success and excluded patients who dropped out of the trial or > didn't adhere to all its rules. > > The instructions noted that some patients on large doses > didn't seem to do well with the once-weekly administration > but warned that this point "has not been discussed with > marketing and is not definitive!" > > The Eprex study appeared last year in the journal Clinical > Nephrology, highlighting the 79.3% figure without mentioning > the lower one. The article didn't acknowledge Dr. Dodgson or > Excerpta Medica. Dr. Dodgson, who now teaches medical writing > at the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, says she > didn't like the Eprex assignment "but I had to earn a living." > > The listed lead author, Paul Barr? of McGill University in > Montreal, says Excerpta Medica did "a lot of the scutwork" > but he had "complete freedom" > to change its drafts. Dr. Barr? says he helped design the > study and enroll patients in it. In statements, J&J and > Excerpta Medica offered similar explanations of the process. > J&J says it regularly uses outside firms "to expedite the > development of independent, peer-reviewed publications." > > A J&J spokesman said he wasn't familiar with the details of > the instruction sheet and referred questions about the > highlighted data to Dr. > Barr?, who said he never interacted with J&J's marketing > department and doesn't believe the article was biased. He > said the higher figure was "more representative" because > those patients followed the study's rules. "Without wanting > to distort data, you always want to put the spin that's more > positive for the article," Dr. Barr? says. "You're more > likely to get it published." > > Hartmut Malluche, an editor of Clinical Nephrology, declined > to comment on details of the article. The journal doesn't > require authors to disclose the role of medical writers. But > after hearing Dr. Dodgson's story, Dr. > Malluche said he would suggest changing the policy. "It's not > good if the company has control over the article," he says. > > Some academics are protesting ghostwriting. Adriane > Fugh-Berman, an associate professor at the Georgetown > University School of Medicine, says she received an email > last year from a company hired by drug maker AstraZeneca PLC. > The email offered her the chance to get credit for writing an > article. "... [W]e will forward you a draft for your input so > that you would need only to review and then advise us of any > changes required," it said. > > She says she was shown a draft but declined the offer. Then > the Journal of General Internal Medicine asked her to > peer-review a version of the same article, submitted by a > different researcher. She decided to go public, and wrote > about her experience in the journal. > > AstraZeneca and the communications firm say it was all a > mistake. Dr. Fugh- Berman should have been shown a different > article from the one she was later asked to peer-review, they > say. The article for peer review was in fact written by the > author who submitted it to the journal, they say. > AstraZeneca says it "does not support the practice of > ghostwriting" and always discloses any support it gives to > academic authors. > > John Farrar, a pain expert at the University of Pennsylvania, > says he once turned down a company's offer to give him a > ghostwritten draft about a study on which he had worked. > "They said, 'That's unusual,' " Dr. Farrar recalls. He wanted > to write the manuscript himself because "you can put your > spin on it. ...The way it is written -- the way it's > structured -- is yours." > > Write to Anna Wilde Mathews at anna.mathews at wsj.com8 > > URL for this article: > http://online.wsj.com/article/SB113443606745420770.html > From harnad at ECS.SOTON.AC.UK Sat Dec 17 10:38:19 2005 From: harnad at ECS.SOTON.AC.UK (Stevan Harnad) Date: Sat, 17 Dec 2005 15:38:19 +0000 Subject: Web robot accuracy analysis: suggestions invited Message-ID: Dear Sigmetrics, We are doing tests on the accuracy of a robot that is trawling the web looking for freely available full-texts of articles from the ISI index. Any metyhdological comments/suggestions would be much appreciated. Stevan Harnad ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Date: Sat, 17 Dec 2005 15:26:32 +0000 (GMT) From: Stevan Harnad To: Chawki Hajjem Anurag Acharya , acha at google.com, Lee Giles , oaci-working-group at mailhost.soros.org Subject: Control tests to do for OA robot accuracy Dear Chawki, I am writing this in English so our collaborators understand what we are doing. Here are the tests and controls that need to be done to determine both the robot's accuracy in detecting and estimating %OA and the causality of the obesrved citation advantage: (1) When you re-do the searches in Biology and Sociology (to begin with: other disicplines can come later), make sure to (1a) store the number as well as the URLs of all retrieved sites that match the reference-query and (1b) make the robot check the whole list (up to at least the prespecified N-item limit you used before) rather than the robot's stopping as soon as it thinks it has found that the item is "OA," as in your prior searches. That way you will have, for each of your Biology and Sociology ISI reference articles, not only their citation counts, but also their query-match counts (from the search-engines) and also the number and ordinal position for every time the robot calls them "OA." (One item might have, say, k query-matches, with the 3rd, 9th and kth one judged "OA" by the robot, and the other k-3 judged non-OA.) Both the number (and URLs) of query-matches and the ordinal position of the first "OA"-call, and the total number and proportion of OA-calls will be important test data to make sure that the OA citation advantage is *not* just a query-match-frequency and/or query-match frequency plus false alarm artefact. (The potential artefact is that the putative OA advantage is not an OA advantage at all, but merely a reflection of the fact that more highly cited articles are more likely to have online itsems that *cite* them, and that these online items are the ones the robot is *mistaking* for OA full-texts of the *cited* article itself.) (2) As a further check on robot accuracy, please use a subset of URLs for articles we *know* to be OA (e.g., from PubMed Central, Google Scholar, Arxiv, CogPrints) and try both the search-engines (for % query-matches) and the robot (for "%OA") on them. That will give another estimate of the *miss* rate of the search-engines as well as of the robot's algorithm for OA. (3) While you are doing this, in addition to the parameters that are stored with the reference (the citation count, the URLs for every query-match by the search, the number, proportion, and ordinal position of those of the matches that the robot tags as "OA"), please also store the citation impact factor of the journal in which the reference article was published. (We will use this to do subanalyses to see whether the pattern is the same for high and low impact journals, and across disciplines; we will also look at it separately, for %OA among articles at different citation levels (1, 2-3, 4-7, 7-15, 16-31, 32-63, 64+), again within and across years and disciplines.) (4) The sampling for Biology and Sociology should be based on *pairs* within the same journal/year/issue-number: Assuming that you will be sampling 500 pairs (i.e., 1000 items) in each discipline (1000 Biology, 1000 Sociology), please first pick a *random* sample of 50 pairs for each year, and then, within each pair, pick, at *random*, one OA and one non-OA article per same issue. Use only the robot's *first* ordinal OA as your criterion for "OA" (so you use the same methodology as the robot had used); the criterion for non-OA is, as before: none found among all of the matches). If you feel you have the time, it would also be informative to check the 2nd or 3rd "OA" if the robot found more than one. That too would be a good control datum, for evaluating the robot's accuracy under different conditions (number of matches; number/proportion of them judged "OA"). http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11687/ http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11688/ http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11689/ (5) Count also the number of *journals* for which the robot judges that it is at or near 100% OA (for those are almost certainly OA journals and not self-archived articles). Include them in your %OA counts, but of course not in your OA/NOA ratios. (It would be a good idea to check all the ISI journal names against the DOAJ OA journals list -- about 2000 journals -- to make sure you catch all the OA journals.) Keep a count also of how many individual journal *issues* has either 100% OA or 0% OA (and were hence eliminated from the OA/NOA citation ratio). Those numbers will also be useful for later analyses and estimates. With these data we will be in a much better position to estimate the robot's accuracy and the cause of the OA citation advantage. Chrs, Stevan From notsjb at LSU.EDU Sat Dec 17 10:45:27 2005 From: notsjb at LSU.EDU (Stephen J Bensman) Date: Sat, 17 Dec 2005 09:45:27 -0600 Subject: Scientific Journal Shenanigans Message-ID: Loet, Being a capitalist pig, I have an online subscription to The WSJ. It is my daily Bible. I have e-mailed you online access--us capitalist pigs enjoy such privileges--to that article. Let me know if that works for you. SB Loet Leydesdorff @listserv.utk.edu> on 12/17/2005 05:35:07 AM Please respond to ASIS&T Special Interest Group on Metrics Sent by: ASIS&T Special Interest Group on Metrics To: SIGMETRICS at listserv.utk.edu cc: (bcc: Stephen J Bensman/notsjb/LSU) Subject: Re: [SIGMETRICS] Scientific Journal Shenanigans Dear colleagues: Does someone happen to have a subscription on The Wall Street Journal so that it is easy to download the electronic version of the full text? I would like to use this in an education program. Thanks in advance. With best wishes, Loet > December 13, 2005 > > > PAGE ONE > > > DOW JONES REPRINTS > > Ghost Story > At Medical Journals, Writers > Paid by Industry Play Big Role > > Articles Appear Under Name > Of Academic Researchers, > But They Often Get Help > J&J Receives a Positive 'Spin' > By ANNA WILDE MATHEWS > Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL December 13, 2005; Page A1 > > In 2001, the American Journal of Kidney Diseases published an > article that touted the use of synthetic vitamin D. Its > author was listed as Alex J. > Brown, an associate professor at Washington University in St. Louis. > > But recently, that same article was featured as a work sample > by a different person: Michael Anello, a free-lance medical > writer, who posted a summary of it on his Web site. Mr. > Anello says he was hired to write the article by a > communications firm working for Abbott Laboratories, which > makes a version of the vitamin D product. Dr. Brown agrees he > got help in writing but says he redid part of the draft. > > It's an example of an open secret in medicine: Many of the > articles that appear in scientific journals under the bylines > of prominent academics are actually written by ghostwriters > in the pay of drug companies. These seemingly objective > articles, which doctors around the world use to guide their > care of patients, are often part of a marketing campaign by > companies to promote a product or play up the condition it treats. > > A HIDDEN ROLE? > > > Now questions about the practice are mounting as medical > journals face unprecedented scrutiny of their role as > gatekeeper for scientific information. Last week, the New > England Journal of Medicine admitted that a 2000 article it > published highlighting the advantages of Merck & Co.'s Vioxx > painkiller omitted information about heart attacks among > patients taking the drug. The journal has said the deletions > were made by someone working from a Merck computer. Merck > says the heart attacks happened after the study's cutoff date > and it did nothing wrong. > > The Annals of Internal Medicine tightened its policies on > writer disclosure this year after a University of Arizona > professor listed as the lead author of a Vioxx article in > 2003 said he had little to do with the research in it. > > The practice of letting ghostwriters hired by communications > firms draft journal articles -- sometimes with > acknowledgment, often without -- has served many parties > well. Academic scientists can more easily pile up high- > profile publications, the main currency of advancement. > Journal editors get clearly written articles that look > authoritative because of their well- credentialed authors. > > Increasingly, though, editors and some academics are stepping > forward to criticize the practice, saying it could hurt > patients by giving doctors biased information. "Scientific > research is not public relations," says Robert Califf, vice > chancellor of clinical research at Duke University Medical > Center. "If you're a firm hired by a company trying to sell a > product, it's an entirely different thing than having an open > mind for scientific inquiry. ...What would happen to a PR > firm that wrote a paper that said this product stinks? Do you > think their contract would be renewed?" > > Drug companies say they're providing a service to busy > academic researchers, some of whom may not be skilled > writers. The companies say they don't intend for their > ghostwriters to bias the tone of articles that appear under > the researchers' names. > > Authors "have to sign off on everything," says Mark Horn, a > Pfizer Inc. > medical director. "This is properly viewed as a way to more > efficiently make the transition from raw data to finished > manuscript." Professors who get writing help generally say > they give the writers input and check the work carefully. > > > The criticism of ghostwriting is one of several issues that > have put scientific journals on the defensive. Even journal > editors acknowledge they have sometimes done a poor job of > detecting when articles cherry-pick favorable data to promote > a particular drug or treatment. Some health insurers have > stopped taking what they read in the journals on faith and > are employing analysts to scrutinize articles for negative > data that are buried. > > It's hard to say how widespread ghostwriting is. An analysis > presented at a medical-journal conference in September found > that just 10% of articles on studies sponsored by the drug > industry that appeared in top medical journals disclosed help > from a medical writer. Often the help isn't disclosed. An > informal poll of 71 free-lance medical writers by the > American Medical Writers Association found that 80% had > written at least one manuscript that didn't mention their > contributions. > > In the case of the vitamin D article, Dr. Brown says Abbott > asked him to write it but he didn't have time. He had written > an earlier article on the subject. "They said they would have > one of their people write it, update my old review article > and I would check it," he recalls. Mr. Anello, a Milwaukee > writer who studied biochemistry at the University of > Wisconsin, says he wrote the new article. "I've done a lot of > ghostwriting jobs," he says, adding that sometimes he works > closely with the named authors. (See related document excerpts3.) > > Dr. Brown says he had to rewrite "at least 30% to 40%" of Mr. > Anello's draft. In retrospect, he says, he probably should > have asked Abbott who Mr. Anello was and "if that person > should be acknowledged." Abbott said the article's content > was "under the complete discretion" of Dr. Brown and didn't > discuss details. The journal's managing editor declined to > comment because the journal is under new management. > > Following questions from The Wall Street Journal, Mr. Anello > removed the article summary from his Web site. Until > recently, his online bibliography listed other scientific > publications he has written under others' bylines that have > yet to be published. The byline on one was "author to be named." > > Medical writers frequently have scientific backgrounds. Some > work for universities, drug companies or > medical-communications firms, while others are free-lancers > who typically get $90 to $120 an hour. A communications firm > may charge $30,000 or more to have a team of writers, editors > and graphic designers put together an article. Some of these > firms are part of larger companies in publishing and > advertising such as Thomson Corp. and Reed Elsevier PLC. > > Elsevier's Excerpta Medica unit helps clients craft > publications for prestigious scientific journals. Elsevier > itself publishes many such journals, most notably The Lancet. > Excerpta Medica says on its Web site that its relationship > with its corporate parent's journals "allows us access to > editors and editorial boards." (See related excerpt4.) > > But Sabine Kleinert, an executive editor at The Lancet, says > she has never worked with Excerpta Medica and rejects > articles that have a marketing spin. "Promotion has a > different goal than publishing a legitimate research study," > says Dr. Kleinert. She suspects companies sometimes influence > medical writers "to write it up in a certain way to make a > product sound more efficacious than it is." > > A 1999 document that turned up in a lawsuit describes > Pfizer's publications strategy for its antidepressant Zoloft. > The document, prepared by a unit of ad giant WPP Group, > includes 81 different articles proposed for journals. They > would promote the drug's use in conditions from panic > disorder to pedophilia. (See related excerpt5.) > > Author 'to Be Determined' > > For some articles, the name of the author was listed as > "TBD," or "to be determined," even though the article or a > draft was listed as already completed. Several of the listed > articles ultimately ran in scientific publications -- > including one in JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical > Association -- without disclosing the role of outside writers. > > In a statement responding to questions from The Wall Street > Journal, Pfizer said agencies sometimes "pull together first > draft manuscripts" > based on information provided by researchers who will serve > as authors. It says the academics who were later given credit > as lead authors of the "TBD" articles were instrumental in > designing the studies that the articles described. The lead > authors said they had input into the drafts and approved the > final papers. > > > In recent years, more journal editors have begun demanding > that academic authors of studies explain their exact roles > and disclose any work by medical writers. The editors say the > writers can perform a valuable role so long as it's disclosed > to readers. > > Writers agree -- and the American Medical Writers Association > is pressing for greater acknowledgment of its members' work. > But some medical writers say they fear articles with full > disclosure are likely to get bounced. > Editors "say they want disclosure, but if you do it, they > scream, 'ghostwriter!' " says Art Gertel, who oversees > medical writing at Beardsworth Consulting Group in > Flemington, N.J. "Despite the cries for transparency, the > journal editors still feel that there's an element of > corruption if a medical writer is paid by a drug company." > > Catherine DeAngelis, JAMA's editor in chief, says even a > conscientious journal can only go so far in policing > academics. "I don't give lie- detector tests to people," Dr. > DeAngelis says. > > BMJ, a British medical journal, has one of the toughest > disclosure policies, but it can get misled. Last year, a note > at the end of a BMJ article on painkillers and asthma said > the article was "conceived and initiated" by its three > academic authors. Lead author Christine Jenkins "performed > the analysis and drafted the paper," the note said, adding > that the work wasn't funded by a drug company. Dr. Jenkins is > a senior researcher at Australia's Woolcock Institute of > Medical Research, which has ties to the University of Sydney. > (See related excerpts6.) > > In fact, a medical writer paid by GlaxoSmithKline PLC helped > draft the manuscript, the drug company confirms. The analysis > was almost identical to an earlier, unpublished one that the > company says was "initiated" by that writer. Both analyses > concluded that acetaminophen or Tylenol (sold under a > different name by GlaxoSmithKline in Britain) was safer for > asthma patients than aspirin or other painkillers. (See > related excerpts7.) > > Dr. Jenkins qays the structupe of her work was "suggested" by > the company version but she and the other authors did their > own analysis. Dr. Jenkins says she personally "wrote a very > large chunk" of the BMJ article and worked closely with the > writer. Dr. Jenkins and GlaxoSmithKline declined to give the > writer's name. > > Dr. Jenkins says she didn't know that the company paid the writer. > GlaxoSmithKline didn't pay Dr. Jenkins for the BMJ article, > but the company previously paid her to speak at a conference > and has given a major grant to the Woolcock Institute. > > In a statement, GlaxoSmithKline says the paper "should have > disclosed the involvement of a medical writer compensated by > GSK." The company says it "regards the omission as a lapse on > the part of GSK." > > Fiona Godlee, BMJ's editor, says Dr. Jenkins "should have > declared the involvement of the medical writer." Dr. Godlee > says the journal will print papers that involve a medical > writer, but she believes "the actual authors have to be > incredibly closely involved." > > When articles are ghostwritten by someone paid by a company, > the big question is whether the article gets slanted. That's > what one former free- lance medical writer alleges she was > told to do by a company hired by Johnson & Johnson. > > Instruction Sheet > > Susanna Dodgson, who holds a doctorate in physiology, says > she was hired in 2002 by Excerpta Medica, the Elsevier > medical-communications firm, to write an article about J&J's > anemia drug Eprex. A J&J unit had sponsored a study measuring > whether Eprex patients could do well taking the drug only > once a week. The company was facing competition from a rival > drug sold by Amgen Inc. that could be given once a week or less. > > Dr. Dodgson says she was given an instruction sheet directing > her to emphasize the "main message of the study" -- that > 79.3% of people with anemia had done well on a once-a-week > Eprex dose. In fact, only 63.2% of patients responded well as > defined by the original study protocol, according to a report > she was provided. That report said the study's goal "could > not be reached." Both the instruction sheet and the report > were viewed by The Wall Street Journal. The higher figure Dr. > Dodgson was asked to highlight used a broader definition of > success and excluded patients who dropped out of the trial or > didn't adhere to all its rules. > > The instructions noted that some patients on large doses > didn't seem to do well with the once-weekly administration > but warned that this point "has not been discussed with > marketing and is not definitive!" > > The Eprex study appeared last year in the journal Clinical > Nephrology, highlighting the 79.3% figure without mentioning > the lower one. The article didn't acknowledge Dr. Dodgson or > Excerpta Medica. Dr. Dodgson, who now teaches medical writing > at the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, says she > didn't like the Eprex assignment "but I had to earn a living." > > The listed lead author, Paul Barr? of McGill University in > Montreal, says Excerpta Medica did "a lot of the scutwork" > but he had "complete freedom" > to change its drafts. Dr. Barr? says he helped design the > study and enroll patients in it. In statements, J&J and > Excerpta Medica offered similar explanations of the process. > J&J says it regularly uses outside firms "to expedite the > development of independent, peer-reviewed publications." > > A J&J spokesman said he wasn't familiar with the details of > the instruction sheet and referred questions about the > highlighted data to Dr. > Barr?, who said he never interacted with J&J's marketing > department and doesn't believe the article was biased. He > said the higher figure was "more representative" because > those patients followed the study's rules. "Without wanting > to distort data, you always want to put the spin that's more > positive for the article," Dr. Barr? says. "You're more > likely to get it published." > > Hartmut Malluche, an editor of Clinical Nephrology, declined > to comment on details of the article. The journal doesn't > require authors to disclose the role of medical writers. But > after hearing Dr. Dodgson's story, Dr. > Malluche said he would suggest changing the policy. "It's not > good if the company has control over the article," he says. > > Some academics are protesting ghostwriting. Adriane > Fugh-Berman, an associate professor at the Georgetown > University School of Medicine, says she received an email > last year from a company hired by drug maker AstraZeneca PLC. > The email offered her the chance to get credit for writing an > article. "... [W]e will forward you a draft for your input so > that you would need only to review and then advise us of any > changes required," it said. > > She says she was shown a draft but declined the offer. Then > the Journal of General Internal Medicine asked her to > peer-review a version of the same article, submitted by a > different researcher. She decided to go public, and wrote > about her experience in the journal. > > AstraZeneca and the communications firm say it was all a > mistake. Dr. Fugh- Berman should have been shown a different > article from the one she was later asked to peer-review, they > say. The article for peer review was in fact written by the > author who submitted it to the journal, they say. > AstraZeneca says it "does not support the practice of > ghostwriting" and always discloses any support it gives to > academic authors. > > John Farrar, a pain expert at the University of Pennsylvania, > says he once turned down a company's offer to give him a > ghostwritten draft about a study on which he had worked. > "They said, 'That's unusual,' " Dr. Farrar recalls. He wanted > to write the manuscript himself because "you can put your > spin on it. ...The way it is written -- the way it's > structured -- is yours." > > Write to Anna Wilde Mathews at anna.mathews at wsj.com8 > > URL for this article: > http://online.wsj.com/article/SB113443606745420770.html > From harnad at ECS.SOTON.AC.UK Sat Dec 17 13:15:03 2005 From: harnad at ECS.SOTON.AC.UK (Stevan Harnad) Date: Sat, 17 Dec 2005 18:15:03 +0000 Subject: Control tests to do for OA robot accuracy In-Reply-To: <43A44383.2060903@ecs.soton.ac.uk> Message-ID: On Sat, 17 Dec 2005, Tim Brody wrote: > Stevan Harnad wrote: > > > Both the number (and URLs) of query-matches and the ordinal position > > of the first "OA"-call, and the total number and proportion of OA-calls > > will be important test data to make sure that the OA citation advantage > > is *not* just a query-match-frequency and/or query-match frequency plus > > false alarm artefact. (The potential artefact is that the putative OA > > advantage is not an OA advantage at all, but merely a reflection of the > > fact that more highly cited articles are more likely to have online > > itsems that *cite* them, and that these online items are the ones the > > robot is *mistaking* for OA full-texts of the *cited* article itself.) > > Does the robot check the URL (i.e. download the page and perform some > level of check on it)? I had assumed Chawki's robot did this, otherwise > discerning between the paper and a reference to the paper only from the > search engine result is nigh on impossible. Of course: "The robot's search algorithm was the following: (1) Send request to ISI database for metadata of article (firstauthor name and article title). (2) Send request (name, title) to: Yahoo, Metacrawler, Vivissimo, Eo, AlltheWeb and Altavista. (3) Extract external (irrelevant) links. (4) Remove duplicate URLs. (5) Sort URLs to process PDF and PS files first (probable full-texts). (5) Convert files (PDF, PS, Latex, HTML, XML, RTF, and Word) to text. (6) Parse files to test for full-text of reference article (name/title in first 20% of text, references in last 20%). (7) If, in parsing HTML file, title found but not full text, extract and follow links in file further as references possibly leading to the full text (to depth of 3 levels). (8) Sort articles by discipline/journal/issue/year; calculate percent OA articles within each; then by discipline/journal; and finally for each discipline. (9) Sort articles by discipline/journal/issue/year, calculate citation ratio as (OA-NOA/NOA) within each, then by discipline/journal and finally for each discipline. (10) Exclude data for all journals that are 100% OA (OA journals) from both the article counts and the citation counts (as we are only doing within-journal comparisons for NOA journals); exclude data from all single issues that are 100% OA (to eliminate denominators)." http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11688/ > Given you're searching from the ISI database some simple tests of the > full-text are: > 1) Size of document (I'd say must be at least 5 pages long) > 2) Title on the first page [will still match publication list] > 3) Authors on the first page [ditto] > 4) Use the years (or other bibliographic part) from the ISI reference > list as a key (if the same years - in order - are present in the document) > > Also I'd suggest capturing how many URL's are PDFs, postscript, etc. If > you're getting a lot of HTML matches then I suggest they're probably not > author self-archived! All being done, Tim, rest assured! > > (5) Count also the number of *journals* for which the robot judges that > > it is at or near 100% OA (for those are almost certainly OA journals > > and not self-archived articles). Include them in your %OA counts, > > but of course not in your OA/NOA ratios. (It would be a good > > idea to check all the ISI journal names against the DOAJ OA journals > > list -- about 2000 journals -- to make sure you catch all the OA > > journals.) Keep a count also of how many individual journal *issues* > > has either 100% OA or 0% OA (and were hence eliminated from the OA/NOA > > citation ratio). Those numbers will also be useful for later analyses and > > estimates. > > Only a few hundred journals in ISI are OA, although I don't know if ISI > publishes that list (might be something Ulrichs would give). ISI did a few articles about their OA subset, so the list might be in there. But a DIFF with the DOAJ http://www.doaj.org/ list will do just as well as it is *highly* unlikely that an ISI-indexed OA journal will not have registered as OA with DOAJ. McVeigh, M. E. (2004) Open Access Journals in the ISI Citation Databases: Analysis of Impact Factors and Citation Patterns Thomson Scientific, October 2004 Pringle, J. (2004) Do Open Access Journals have Impact? Nature, Web Focus: access to the literature, May 7, 2004 http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/accessdebate/19.html Testa, J. and McVeigh, M. E. (2004) The Impact of Open Access Journals: A Citation Study from Thomson ISI (pdf 17pp) Author eprint, 14 April 2004 http://www.isinet.com/media/presentrep/acropdf/impact-oa-journals.pdf Chrs, Stevan From dgoodman at LIU.EDU Sat Dec 17 17:02:33 2005 From: dgoodman at LIU.EDU (David Goodman) Date: Sat, 17 Dec 2005 17:02:33 -0500 Subject: Web robot accuracy analysis: suggestions invited Message-ID: The posting from SH should be set in context of our joint relating posting to another list, which I copy below for convenience: ********************************************* "We have just posted the results from our cooperative project: Antelman, K., Bakkalbasi, N., Goodman, D., Hajjem, C. and Harnad, S. (2005) Evaluation of Algorithm Performance on Identifying OA. Technical Report, North Carolina State University Libraries, North Carolina State University. http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11689/ ABSTRACT: This is a second signal-detection analysis of the accuracy of a robot in detecting open access (OA) articles (by checking by hand how many of the articles the robot tagged OA were really OA, and vice versa). We found that the robot significantly overcodes for OA. In our Biology sample, 40% of identified OA was in fact OA. In our Sociology sample, only 18% of identified OA was in fact OA. Missed OA was lower: 12% in Biology and 14% in Sociology. The sources of the error are impossible to determine from the present data, since the algorithm did not capture URL's for documents identified as OA. In conclusion, the robot is not yet performing at a desirable level, and future work may be needed to determine the causes, and improve the algorithm. (in alphabetical order) Kristin Antelman, North Carolina State University Libraries Nisa Bakkalbasi, Yale University Library David Goodman, Palmer School of Library and Information Science, Long Island University Chawki Hajjem, Institut des sciences cognitives, Universit? du Qu?bec ? Montr?al Stevan Harnad, Institut des sciences cognitives, Universit? du Qu?bec ? Montr?al " ************************************************************ From harnad at ECS.SOTON.AC.UK Mon Dec 19 08:12:44 2005 From: harnad at ECS.SOTON.AC.UK (Stevan Harnad) Date: Mon, 19 Dec 2005 13:12:44 +0000 Subject: 3 April OA Conferences: 2 at Lund and 1 at Yale Message-ID: ** Apologies for Cross -Posting ** Dear All, just before the April 24-25 Lund conference just announced: Third Nordic Conference on Scholarly Communication: Beyond Declarations - The Changing Landscape of Scholarly Communication 24-25 April 2006, Star Hotel, Lund, Sweden http://www.lub.lu.se/ncsc2006/ there is an April 21-22 Lund conference, on research-specific aspects of the same topic: 1st European Conference on Scientific Publishing in Biomedicine and Medicine 21 - 22 April 2006, Star Hotel, Lund, Sweden http://www.ecspbiomed.net/ "The principal aim of the conference is to broaden researchers' understanding and knowledge of the rapid changes in the scientific communication and publishing area and its possible implications on the research community." Meanwhile, across the pond at Yale, there is at the same time an April 21-23 Access to Knowledge (A2K) Conference on the same topic at the Information Society Project: The Access to Knowledge Conference Information Society Project Yale Law School New Haven, April 21st-23rd 2006 http://islandia.law.yale.edu/isp/a2k.html "The goal of this landmark conference is to bring together leading thinkers and activists on access to knowledge policy from North and South to generate concrete research agendas and policy solutions for the next decade. This conference will be among the first to synthesize the multifaceted and interdisciplinary aspects of access to knowledge, ranging from textbooks and telecommunications access to software and medicines." [Full Disclosure: I am scheduled to talk at both the first Lund conference (21-22) and the Yale conference (23), if I can manage the flight connections!] Stevan Harnad AMERICAN SCIENTIST OPEN ACCESS FORUM: A complete Hypermail archive of the ongoing discussion of providing open access to the peer-reviewed research literature online (1998-2005) is available at: http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Hypermail/Amsci/ To join or leave the Forum or change your subscription address: http://amsci-forum.amsci.org/archives/American-Scientist-Open-Access-Forum.html Post discussion to: american-scientist-open-access-forum at amsci.org UNIVERSITIES: If you have adopted or plan to adopt an institutional policy of providing Open Access to your own research article output, please describe your policy at: http://www.eprints.org/signup/sign.php UNIFIED DUAL OPEN-ACCESS-PROVISION POLICY: BOAI-1 ("green"): Publish your article in a suitable toll-access journal http://romeo.eprints.org/ OR BOAI-2 ("gold"): Publish your article in a open-access journal if/when a suitable one exists. http://www.doaj.org/ AND in BOTH cases self-archive a supplementary version of your article in your institutional repository. http://www.eprints.org/self-faq/ http://archives.eprints.org/ http://openaccess.eprints.org/ From harnad at ECS.SOTON.AC.UK Wed Dec 21 09:28:03 2005 From: harnad at ECS.SOTON.AC.UK (Stevan Harnad) Date: Wed, 21 Dec 2005 14:28:03 +0000 Subject: ERCIM News - special European theme - Open Access Message-ID: ** apologies for cross-posting ** ERCIM European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics http://www.ercim.org/ will publish in January a special issue of ERCIM News that goes far beyond Informatics and Mathematics to Open Access (OA) to all research. The President of ERCIM, Professor Keith Jeffery http://www.ercim.org/publication/Ercim_News/enw60/keith.html Director of IT for CCLRC, is also on the Research Councils UK committee that is drafting RCUK's OA policy: http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/access/index.asp The ERCIM special issue contains Professor Jeffery's overview of OA, plus clear overviews of the Green and Gold Route to OA (OA self-archiving and OA publishing) and the benefits OA brings to European and worldwide research, along with the ERCIM Statement on OA. An overview of CC licenses and of the role of the Worldwide Web Consortium in OA is followed by the closing article on Netherlands' highly successful "Cream of Science" project for showcasing its research output with the help of the OAI protocol. ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Date: Wed, 21 Dec 2005 13:31:46 -0000 From: "Jeffery, KG (Keith)" ERCIM (European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics) has a quarterly newsletter which is very widely read and cited. The January 2006 issue will have a special section on Open Access. Information on ERCIM is at http://www.ercim.org/ The newsletter in e-form (free) will appear on this page (left side) in early January. Paper copies (free) can be ordered using the top-line options at http://www.ercim.org/publication/Ercim_News/enw63/ ---------------------------------------- Contents: Open Access: An Introduction by Keith G Jeffery (ERCIM, CCLRC) Publish or Perish - Self-Archive to Flourish: The Green Route to Open Access by Stevan Harnad (Southampton, UQaM) The Golden Route to Open Access by Jan Velterop (Springer) ERCIM Statement on Open Access Managing Licenses in an Open Access Community by Renato Iannella (NICTA) W3C at the Forefront of Open Access by Rigo Wenning (W3C) Cream of Science by Wouter Mettrop (CWI) From azun at METU.EDU.TR Thu Dec 22 02:48:08 2005 From: azun at METU.EDU.TR (ali uzun) Date: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 09:48:08 +0200 Subject: IMPACT FACTORS Message-ID: Dear list members, JCR is not available here and I need the Impact Factors of the journal SCIENTOMETRICS for the years 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003. I would appreciate if someone sends these that data. Thanks in advance Dr. Ali Uzun From notsjb at LSU.EDU Fri Dec 30 14:07:41 2005 From: notsjb at LSU.EDU (Stephen J Bensman) Date: Fri, 30 Dec 2005 13:07:41 -0600 Subject: Journal Prestige Message-ID: An interesting take on scientific journal prestige. -- SB (E (Embedded image moved to file: pic15455.gif)The Wall ( mb Street Journal E ed m de b d e im d ag d e e mo d ve i d m to a fi g le e : m pi o c2 v 88 e 11 d .g t if o ) f i l e : p i c 2 2 3 7 1 . g i f ) December 30, 2005 (Embedded image moved to file: pic22323.gif) COMMENTARY Mere Magazines By THOMAS P. STOSSEL December 30, 2005;?Page?A16 Recently I was working in a Zambian orphanage when a young woman with worsening shortness of breath and chest pain asked me for help. Armed only with a stethoscope, I could do nothing other than diagnose a probable lethal tuberculous infection of the heart. Without devices and drugs developed by companies, doctors are not very useful. It was therefore discouraging to return to my Boston-based medical center and witness leading medical journals sanctimoniously demonizing not only the technologies developed by drug companies but also the companies themselves. The Journal of the American Medical Association has declared industry-sponsored research categorically untrustworthy, and, to publish it, demands that an academic researcher be an author and take responsibility for its integrity, and also that an independent academic statistician analyze its data. This and other journals rail obsessively against "financial conflicts of interest" of academic researchers working with companies and conduct inquisitions to identify every possible financial motive that might corrupt researchers' objectivity. The ongoing Merck situation is a case in point. The New England Journal of Medicine wants the company to correct a five-year-old paper that, they allege, inappropriately excluded three late-breaking adverse events associated with the painkiller Vioxx. The company has correctly responded that published research projects always have defined beginnings and endings, and that it reported all adverse events to the FDA. With the drug off the market and Merck mired in litigation, what problem this correction would solve is unclear. Nevertheless, a Dec. 11 New York Times editorial excoriated Merck for "manipulating a journal article" and informed doctors "that they will need to take the findings of industry-backed studies with skeptical caution." The message in all this is clear: Medical academics are saints -- devoted selflessly to patient care -- and corporate people are sinners, morally blinded by greed. But having worked in academic medicine for over 35 years and consulted for companies, this Manichean duality is inconsistent with my experience and a woeful distortion of reality. In a Sept. 8 article in the New England Journal of Medicine, I reported that no systematic evidence exists that corporate sponsorship of academic research contributes to misconduct, bias, public mistrust or poor research quality. On the other hand, many academic colleagues working in my field of basic biological research (I study how your body cells crawl around, which has no obvious commercial value) would run over their grandmothers to claim priority for a discovery, impose their pet theory on the field, obtain a research grant, win an award or garner a promotion. It's the same in other scientific fields, and no wonder, because for relatively modest remuneration we compete for scarce resources and labor in obscurity to achieve small advances few understand or appreciate. We exercise our ambitions by publishing research papers in high-profile journals. * * * The research journal revolutionized scientific communication in the 17th century. But until the scientific enterprise grew larger than the first journals could accommodate, no peer review restricted publication. Once restrictions arose, human competitiveness established a journal prestige pecking order that grew in importance as research became more prevalent and complex. The more obscure one's research, the greater the premium on publishing it in a prestigious journal, where those who administer limited rewards might see it, and where the news media are more likely to hype it. But unbeknownst to the media, the journals at the top got there because of herd behavior by reqearchers, not because they are better than lower-tier journals at vetting research quality. Here's why: Researchers submit their best work to the top journals, which can therefore afford to maintain their prestige by rejecting, not publishing, many high quality papers. That's brand creation -- not science. Most of their editorial effort goes into deciding which submitted papers are sufficiently newsworthy. Anonymous peer review by jealous competitors has its merits, but it has a tendency to select for fashionable if relatively unoriginal and inoffensive papers. Top medical journals compete for papers describing large clinical trials reporting small effects of treatments for diseases affecting many people, although these reports often do not substantively advance scientific knowledge, and many subsequently are invalidated. And no description of medical research in a medical journal comes close to the detail level or intense scrutiny imposed by the FDA on companies' documentation of drug or device development before approval. Space constraints for readability and cost-savings preclude journals from publishing detailed information on the order of what companies file with the FDA, and unpaid journal peer reviewers, not to mention practicing doctors, would never read it anyway. The recent Korean cloning fiasco, in which the leading science journals published blatantly fraudulent papers, wasn't the first such incident to afflict prestige journals, and it could never happen under conditions of FDA review. Indeed, doctors should take all studies published in "prominent medical journals" with "skeptical caution." The lower stringency of journals compared to the FDA is a good thing, because academic biomedical research would come to a screeching halt if subjected to anything even approximating FDA examination. Scientific knowledge advances reasonably efficiently, and new technologies emerge, despite the looseness of journals. And researchers' craving for prestige goads them to greater efforts. If reporters understood that journals are magazines, not Holy Scripture, we might not be witnessing ever more onerous regulations inhibiting interactions between academic and industry science. Prestigious biomedical journals are good for our health -- provided they stick to their core business of facilitating imperfect communication between researchers. Leave drug and device monitoring to the FDA -- and theology to theologians. Mr. Stossel is American Cancer Society Professor at Harvard Medical School and co-director of the division of hematology at Brigham and Women's Hospital. -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: pic15455.gif Type: image/gif Size: 4923 bytes Desc: not available URL: -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: pic28811.gif Type: image/gif Size: 45 bytes Desc: not available URL: -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: pic22371.gif Type: image/gif Size: 45 bytes Desc: not available URL: -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: pic22323.gif Type: image/gif Size: 45 bytes Desc: not available URL: From quentinburrell at MANX.NET Fri Dec 30 15:38:33 2005 From: quentinburrell at MANX.NET (Quentin L. Burrell) Date: Fri, 30 Dec 2005 20:38:33 -0000 Subject: Journal Prestige Message-ID: Thanks to Stephen for posting this article from the WSJ I don't wish to say anything about the academic/commercial research aspect, but it illustrates concerns that often arise particularly concerning the (bio)medical literature. Let me pick out one quote: "Top medical journals compete for papers describing large clinical trials reporting small effects of treatments for diseases affecting many people, although these reports often do not substantively advance scientific knowledge, and many subsequently are invalidated." A long standing worry for sceptical statisticians is the belief that results of medical trials are only reported (published) if they are "statistically significant" and then these are picked up by the media who conveniently overlook the word "statistical". For anyone interested in the more technical aspects of this sort of stuff, there is an interesting article on "Why most published research findings are false" at http://medicine.plosjournals.org/archive/1549-1676/2/8/pdf/10.1371_journal.pmed.0020124-L.pdf Again it is about medical research in the main. (And it will please many list members in that it is OA - freely available online!) Seasonal greetings to list members! Quentin *************************************** Dr Quentin L Burrell Isle of Man International Business School The Nunnery Old Castletown Road Douglas Isle of Man IM2 1QB via United Kingdom q.burrell at ibs.ac.im www.ibs.ac.im ----- Original Message ----- From: "Stephen J Bensman" To: Sent: Friday, December 30, 2005 7:07 PM Subject: [SIGMETRICS] Journal Prestige An interesting take on scientific journal prestige. -- SB Mere Magazines By THOMAS P. STOSSEL December 30, 2005; Page A16 Recently I was working in a Zambian orphanage when a young woman with worsening shortness of breath and chest pain asked me for help. Armed only with a stethoscope, I could do nothing other than diagnose a probable lethal tuberculous infection of the heart. Without devices and drugs developed by companies, doctors are not very useful. It was therefore discouraging to return to my Boston-based medical center and witness leading medical journals sanctimoniously demonizing not only the technologies developed by drug companies but also the companies themselves. The Journal of the American Medical Association has declared industry-sponsored research categorically untrustworthy, and, to publish it, demands that an academic researcher be an author and take responsibility for its integrity, and also that an independent academic statistician analyze its data. This and other journals rail obsessively against "financial conflicts of interest" of academic researchers working with companies and conduct inquisitions to identify every possible financial motive that might corrupt researchers' objectivity. The ongoing Merck situation is a case in point. The New England Journal of Medicine wants the company to correct a five-year-old paper that, they allege, inappropriately excluded three late-breaking adverse events associated with the painkiller Vioxx. The company has correctly responded that published research projects always have defined beginnings and endings, and that it reported all adverse events to the FDA. With the drug off the market and Merck mired in litigation, what problem this correction would solve is unclear. Nevertheless, a Dec. 11 New York Times editorial excoriated Merck for "manipulating a journal article" and informed doctors "that they will need to take the findings of industry-backed studies with skeptical caution." The message in all this is clear: Medical academics are saints -- devoted selflessly to patient care -- and corporate people are sinners, morally blinded by greed. But having worked in academic medicine for over 35 years and consulted for companies, this Manichean duality is inconsistent with my experience and a woeful distortion of reality. In a Sept. 8 article in the New England Journal of Medicine, I reported that no systematic evidence exists that corporate sponsorship of academic research contributes to misconduct, bias, public mistrust or poor research quality. On the other hand, many academic colleagues working in my field of basic biological research (I study how your body cells crawl around, which has no obvious commercial value) would run over their grandmothers to claim priority for a discovery, impose their pet theory on the field, obtain a research grant, win an award or garner a promotion. It's the same in other scientific fields, and no wonder, because for relatively modest remuneration we compete for scarce resources and labor in obscurity to achieve small advances few understand or appreciate. We exercise our ambitions by publishing research papers in high-profile journals. * * * The research journal revolutionized scientific communication in the 17th century. But until the scientific enterprise grew larger than the first journals could accommodate, no peer review restricted publication. Once restrictions arose, human competitiveness established a journal prestige pecking order that grew in importance as research became more prevalent and complex. The more obscure one's research, the greater the premium on publishing it in a prestigious journal, where those who administer limited rewards might see it, and where the news media are more likely to hype it. But unbeknownst to the media, the journals at the top got there because of herd behavior by reqearchers, not because they are better than lower-tier journals at vetting research quality. Here's why: Researchers submit their best work to the top journals, which can therefore afford to maintain their prestige by rejecting, not publishing, many high quality papers. That's brand creation -- not science. Most of their editorial effort goes into deciding which submitted papers are sufficiently newsworthy. Anonymous peer review by jealous competitors has its merits, but it has a tendency to select for fashionable if relatively unoriginal and inoffensive papers. Top medical journals compete for papers describing large clinical trials reporting small effects of treatments for diseases affecting many people, although these reports often do not substantively advance scientific knowledge, and many subsequently are invalidated. And no description of medical research in a medical journal comes close to the detail level or intense scrutiny imposed by the FDA on companies' documentation of drug or device development before approval. Space constraints for readability and cost-savings preclude journals from publishing detailed information on the order of what companies file with the FDA, and unpaid journal peer reviewers, not to mention practicing doctors, would never read it anyway. The recent Korean cloning fiasco, in which the leading science journals published blatantly fraudulent papers, wasn't the first such incident to afflict prestige journals, and it could never happen under conditions of FDA review. Indeed, doctors should take all studies published in "prominent medical journals" with "skeptical caution." The lower stringency of journals compared to the FDA is a good thing, because academic biomedical research would come to a screeching halt if subjected to anything even approximating FDA examination. Scientific knowledge advances reasonably efficiently, and new technologies emerge, despite the looseness of journals. And researchers' craving for prestige goads them to greater efforts. If reporters understood that journals are magazines, not Holy Scripture, we might not be witnessing ever more onerous regulations inhibiting interactions between academic and industry science. Prestigious biomedical journals are good for our health -- provided they stick to their core business of facilitating imperfect communication between researchers. Leave drug and device monitoring to the FDA -- and theology to theologians. Mr. Stossel is American Cancer Society Professor at Harvard Medical School and co-director of the division of hematology at Brigham and Women's Hospital.