From Chaomei.Chen at CIS.DREXEL.EDU Sat Apr 2 00:31:20 2005 From: Chaomei.Chen at CIS.DREXEL.EDU (Chaomei Chen) Date: Sat, 2 Apr 2005 00:31:20 -0500 Subject: CiteSpace software available for visualizing networks over time slices Message-ID: Some people on this list may be interested in CiteSpace. It is a pure Java application for visualizing literature networks over time. It is freely downloadable. Visit the following link for a recently refined more more user friendly version: http://cluster.cis.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/ Best wishes, Chaomei Chen -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From loet at LEYDESDORFF.NET Sun Apr 3 03:07:20 2005 From: loet at LEYDESDORFF.NET (Loet Leydesdorff) Date: Sun, 3 Apr 2005 09:07:20 +0200 Subject: CiteSpace software available for visualizing networks over time slices In-Reply-To: Message-ID: It is impressive, Chaomei! With kind regards, Loet ________________________________ Loet Leydesdorff Universit? de Lausanne, School of Economics (HEC); Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR) _____ From: ASIS&T Special Interest Group on Metrics [mailto:SIGMETRICS at LISTSERV.UTK.EDU] On Behalf Of Chaomei Chen Sent: Saturday, April 02, 2005 7:31 AM To: SIGMETRICS at LISTSERV.UTK.EDU Subject: [SIGMETRICS] CiteSpace software available for visualizing networks over time slices Some people on this list may be interested in CiteSpace. It is a pure Java application for visualizing literature networks over time. It is freely downloadable. Visit the following link for a recently refined more more user friendly version: http://cluster.cis.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/ Best wishes, Chaomei Chen -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From loet at LEYDESDORFF.NET Sun Apr 3 06:26:45 2005 From: loet at LEYDESDORFF.NET (Loet Leydesdorff) Date: Sun, 3 Apr 2005 12:26:45 +0200 Subject: Globalization of the Knowledge-Based Economy -- Computing Anticipatory Systems (CASYS05), Liege, Belgium, August 2005 Message-ID: Hyper-incursion and the Globalization of the Knowledge-Based Economy In the case of biological systems, the model which makes the system anticipatory, can be considered as naturally given. Human languages enable psychological systems to construct and exchange mental models of the system and its environments reflexively, that is, without the necessity of a materialization. The social system of interhuman communication contains the distribution of agents as an additional degree of freedom. When this communication system is functionally differentiated, for example, in terms of an economy and a subsystem of scientific communications, the subsystems can be expected to entertain different models and to update with different frequencies. Using this additional degree of freedom the social system can become strongly anticipatory. Over time each subsystem can provide the events with its respective meaning or value from the perspective of hindsight. For example, the market operates according to its own rules. Because the economic relations are codified (e.g., using currency), the network can retain value from the exchanges. By using prices the capitalist system contains an economic model of itself (Marx, 1869). Analogously, the science system has increasingly developed its own codifications since the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century. The sciences develop and differentiate rewriting their history along trajectories over time, while market clearing occurs at each moment in time. These two anticipatory mechanisms can be expected to develop along nearly orthogonal axes. The interaction of two anticipatory mechanisms allows for coevolution and stabilization, but additionally for meta-stabilization and globalization using a hyper-incursive routine. The hyper-incursion can develop into a third axis of codification if decision-rules coevolve among the subsystems which are organized by them at the level of the social system. A triple helix can thus endogenously be generated. Historically, the interfacing of economic and scientific communications since the late 19th century has first stabilized a techno-economic coevolution during the 20th century. The interface had to be supported by a ?technostructure? because economic expectations and research perspectives tend to stand orthogonal. The organized interfacing of these two types of expectations provides room for hyper-incursion and the consequent development of decision rules at the systems level. However, decision rules induce a local trajectory in a global space of other possibilities. Three subdynamics thus interact: (1) economic wealth generation, (2) systematic novelty production, and (3) structuration of the decision-making at the interfaces. The knowledge-based subdyanamics which emerges, reconstructs previous states and co-constructs future ones from a global perspective. The knowledge-based options are traded-off against the historical retention of wealth in the economy by making decisions in an increasingly anticipatory mode. ________________________________ Loet Leydesdorff Universit? de Lausanne, School of Economics (HEC); Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR) -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Mon Apr 4 12:24:38 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Mon, 4 Apr 2005 12:24:38 -0400 Subject: Schoonbaert D. "Citation patterns in tropical medicine journals" Tropical Medicine & International Health 9(11):1142-1150, November 2004. Message-ID: E-mail : Dirk Schoonbaert : bib at itg.be Title : Citation patterns in tropical medicine journals Author(s): Schoonbaert D Source: TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH 9 (11): 1142-1150 NOV 2004 Cited References: 12 Times Cited: 0 Abstract: Selections of most important journals in the field of tropical medicine have previously been identified with the help of resources such as bibliographical and citation databases. This article uses ISI's Journal Citation Reports (JSR) for 2002 to analyse the citation characteristics of the Tropical Medicine category. According to these data, this small but diverse group of 12 journals bestows some 40% more citations than it receives. Its six typical core journals tend to cite one another heavily, but they also refer a lot to multidisciplinary science and general medicine journals, and to infectious diseases and parasitology journals. Looking at the sources from which JCR's tropic al medicine journals derive their citations, it is clear that in this reverse direction, the specialty's literature is still more concentrated. Apart from the typical core, this JCR category also contains a number of journals with more idiosyncratic citing patterns, focused on specialties such as paediatrics, a single disease (leprosy) and a representative of Latin American and Francophone biomedical science each. Implications of concentrated citedness and language biases are discussed briefly. This paper features a selection of bibliometric parameters relating to the tropical medicine journals and lists of the 80 journals most citing and cited by them. Author Keywords: tropical medicine; biomedical literature; journals; bibliometrics; citation analysis; Journal Citation Reports Addresses: Schoonbaert D (reprint author), Inst Trop Med, Natl Str 155, Antwerp, B-2000 Belgium Inst Trop Med, Antwerp, B-2000 Belgium E-mail Addresses: bib at itg.be Publisher: BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD, 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND IDS Number: 872DR ISSN: 1360-2276 CITED REFERENCES: CR *ISI, 2003, J CIT REP 2002 SCI E APTED FIC, 1977, USE MED LIT, P192 BRADFORD SC, 1948, DOCUMENTATION BRENNEN PW, 1978, B MED LIBR ASSOC, V66, P24 DIAZ IG, 1980, REV CUBANA MED TROPI, V32, P101 GIBBS WW, 1995, SCI AM, V273, P76 HORTON R, 2003, LANCET, V361, P712 MAISONNEUVE H, 2003, LANCET, V361, P1387 MERTON RK, 1968, SCIENCE, V159, P56 OBUAYA CC, 2003, LANCET, V361, P1387 ROELANTS G, 1987, ANN SOC BELG MED TR, V67, P315 SCHOONBAERT D, 1996, TROP MED INT HEALTH, V1, P739 From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Mon Apr 4 12:54:08 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Mon, 4 Apr 2005 12:54:08 -0400 Subject: Aksnes DW "Characteristics of highly cited papers" Research Evaluation 12(3):159-170 December 2003 Message-ID: E-Mail: Dag W. Aksnes : Dag.W.Aksnes at nifu.no FULL TEXT AVAILABLE AT : http://english.nifustep.no/norsk/publikasjoner/characteristics_of_highly_cited_papers Title: Characteristics of highly cited papers Author(s): Aksnes DW Source: RESEARCH EVALUATION 12 (3): 159-170 DEC 2003 Abstract: Highly cited articles are very different from 'ordinary' cited articles. Typically, they are authored by a large number of scientists, often involving international collaboration. The majority of the papers represent regular journal articles (81%), although review articles (12%) are over-represented compared to the national average. The citation curves of highly cited papers follow a typical pattern of rise and decline. However, different types of citation curves can be identified, reflecting possible differences in the cognitive function of the articles. Highly cited papers typically obtain citations from a large number of different journals and from papers representing both close and remote fields. However, this pattern is not very different from the average distribution for all papers. We discuss how the findings can be explained by introducing a conceptual distinction between quality dynamics and visibility dynamics. EXCERPT OF PAPER : Highly cited papers are mainly present in high-impact journals. It is a statistical truism that highly cited papers tend to be published in high-impact journals (journals with high average citation rates). In order to analyse to what extent this was the case in our sample, we collected the impact factors of the present journals, using the Journal Performance Indicator database (JPI). All except three papers were published in journals to which an impact factor could be assigned. We then compared the impat factor with the average for the field to which the journal was assigned using the NSI-database. In both cases we used a running five-year window. Using this method an index number was calculated for all publications. In order to analyse how the distribution of the highly cited papers differed from the average, we made similar calculations for the overall national publication set. The results are shown in Figure 1. As we can see, the highly cited papers have a very different distribution from what is the normal Norwegian distribution. 20% of the highly cited papers appear in journals with a very high relative journal impact factor (that is, in journals in which the impact factor is more than four times higher than the average citation. Similarly, 56% of the highly cited papers appear in journals with a high relative impact factor (1.5 - 4 times the average). In comparison, only 15% of the total population of Norwegian papers appear in this journal category. Only 9% of the highly cited articles were published in journals with an impact factor below the field average. In contrast, 67% of the Norwegian article production appears in this category of journals cited below average. Although these results may not seem unexpected, one should notice that 9% of the highly cited papers appear in poorly cited journals. Thus, in order to become highly cited it is not a necessary condition to be printed in high-impact journals or journals of high prestige. This and the skewness in the citation distribution that can be found within most journals indicate that contents are important determinants in citation rates. The journal address represents a contributory factor, but here there is also a choice effect. When scientists think they have something important on their hands (which will qualify for high citation) they will submit the paper to a high-status journal (which usually has high -impact factors). So there is also a content-status effect derived from author's choices. Addresses: Aksnes DW (reprint author), Norwegian Inst Studies Res & Higher Educ, NIFU, Hegdehaugsveien 31, Oslo, NO-0352 Norway Norwegian Inst Studies Res & Higher Educ, NIFU, Oslo, NO-0352 Norway E-mail Addresses: Dag.W.Aksnes at nifu.no Publisher: BEECH TREE PUBLISHING, 10 WATFORD CLOSE,, GUILDFORD GU1 2EP, SURREY, ENGLAND Subject Category: INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE IDS Number: 779LY ISSN: 0958-2029 CITED REFERENCES : *EUR COMM, 2001, KEY FIG 2001 SPEC ED AKSNES DW, 2000, SCIENTOMETRICS, V49, P7 AKSNES DW, 2003, SCIENTOMETRICS, V56, P235 AKSNES DW, 2004, IN PRESS SCIENTOMETR ARUNACHALAM S, 1984, J INFORM SCI, V8, P93 AVERSA ES, 1985, SCIENTOMETRICS, V7, P383 CANO V, 1991, SCIENTOMETRICS, V22, P297 COLE S, 1992, MAKING SCI NATURE SO COLE S, 2000, WEB KNOWLEDGE FESTSC CRONIN B, 1984, CITATION PROCESS ROL GILBERT GN, 1977, SOC STUD SCI, V7, P113 GLANZEL W, 1992, RES EVALUAT, V2, P135 GLANZEL W, 1995, RES EVALUAT, V5, P113 LAWANI SM, 1986, SCIENTOMETRICS, V9, P13 LINE MB, 1984, J INFORM SCI, V9, P90 MACROBERTS MH, 1989, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V40, P342 MARTIN BR, 1983, RES POLICY, V12, P61 MELIN G, 1997, COPRODUCTION SCI KNO MERTON RK, 1968, SCIENCE, V159, P56 PETERS HPF, 1994, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V45, P39 PORTER AL, 1985, SCIENTOMETRICS, V8, P161 PRICE DJD, 1965, SCIENCE, V149, P510 PRICE DJD, 1976, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V27, P292 RINIA EJ, 2002, SCIENTOMETRICS, V54, P347 SEGIEN PO, 1992, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V43, P628 SEGLEN PO, 1997, ALLERGY, V52, P1050 SEGLEN PO, 1997, BRIT MED J, V314, P498 TIJSSEN RJW, 2002, SCIENTOMETRICS, V54, P381 VANRAAN AFJ, 2000, WEB KNOWLEDGE FESTSC From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Mon Apr 4 13:37:44 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Mon, 4 Apr 2005 13:37:44 -0400 Subject: Ramos-Rincon JM, Masia MD, Gutierrez F. "Scientific production in infectious diseases in Spain (1991-2001): position within the European Union" Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiologia Clinica 22 (1): 22-28 January 2004. Message-ID: E-mail Addresses: Jose Manuel Ramon-Rincon : jramosr at seimc.org Title: Scientific production in infectious diseases in Spain (1991-2001): position within the European Union Author(s): Ramos-Rincon JM, Masia MD, Gutierrez F Source: ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA 22 (1): 22-28 JAN 2004 Document Type: Article Language: Spanish Cited References: 12 Times Cited: 2 Abstract: INTRODUCTION. Medical research in our geographic area has undergone significant changes over the last three decades. The objective of this study was to quantitatively determine Spain's medical research output published in the journals included in the Infectious Diseases section of the Journal Citation Reports, and to compare it with that of other European Union (EU) countries. METHODS. The PubMed Web site (MEDLINE) was used to retrieve medical articles published by authors from Spain and other EU countries from 1991 to 2001 in 36 infectious disease journals included in the Infectious Diseases section of the Journal Citation Reports. RESULTS. We retrieved a total of 17,899 documents published by EU authors during the study period. Authors from Spanish institutions contributed 1,340 documents, 7.5% of the overall EU production. Spain ranked in the sixth position of the EU by number of papers. It remained in the same position after adjusting for gross national product and dropped to the ninth position after correcting for population. The number of articles published increased from 72 in the biennium 1991-1992 to 442 in the biennium 2000-2001. Spanish production rose by 514%, as compared with a median increase of 149% in the other EU countries. Spain was the first producer of articles from the EU in four journals: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease (27.6%), European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (24.8%), American Journal of Infection Control (21.8%) and Microbial Drug Resistance (17.5%). CONCLUSIONS. Spanish scientific production in infectious diseases has increased substantially in the period 1991-2001. Author Keywords: scientific production; bibliometry; Spain; infectious diseases Addresses: Ramos-Rincon JM (reprint author), Hosp Gen Univ Elche, Med Interna Serv, Unidad Enfermedades Infecciosas, Cami Almazara 11, Alicante, 03203 Spain Hosp Gen Univ Elche, Med Interna Serv, Unidad Enfermedades Infecciosas, Alicante, 03203 Spain E-mail Addresses: jramosr at seimc.org Publisher: EDICIONES DOYMA S/L, TRAV DE GRACIA 17-21, 08021 BARCELONA, SPAIN Subject Category: INFECTIOUS DISEASES; MICROBIOLOGY IDS Number: 774LC ISSN: 0213-005X Cited References : *EUROSAT, EUR YB 2002 STAT GUI *I SCI INF INC, 1991, J CITATION REPORTS BORDONS M, 1999, REV ESP CARDIOL, V52, P790 CAMI J, 1997, MED CLIN-BARCELONA, V109, P515 GAGNON RE, 2000, CAN MED ASSOC J, V162, P37 GARCIARIO F, 2001, EUR RESPIR J, V17, P1175 GARFIELD E, 1996, BRIT MED J, V313, P411 HEFFER L, 1999, LANCET, V353, P1856 LEWISON G, 2001, GUT, V49, P295 MELA GS, 1998, ANN RHEUM DIS, V57, P643 RAMOSRINCON JM, 2003, ENFERM INFEC MICR CL, V21, P388 TRILLA A, 2000, MED CLIN-BARCELONA, V114, P609 From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Mon Apr 4 14:19:57 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Mon, 4 Apr 2005 14:19:57 -0400 Subject: Bence V, Oppenheim C "he role of academic journal publications in the UK Research Assessment Exercise" Learned Publishing 17(1):53-68 January 2004. Message-ID: E-mail Addresses : Charles Oppenheim : C.Oppenheim at lboro.ac.uk AUTHOR : Author(s): Bence V, Oppenheim C TITLE : The role of academic journal publications in the UK Research Assessment Exercise SOURCE : LEARNED PUBLISHING, 17 (1): 53-68 JAN 2004 Cited References: 78 Times Cited: 3 Abstract: This article explores the evolution of the role of academic journal articles submitted to the UK's Research Assessment Exercise (RAE). By reviewing their role, it is possible to see how the changes from quantitative to qualitative assessment (and the resulting problems surrounding the definition of 'quality' journals) has impacted both on the journals selected by academics for publishing their research and the assessment of them. Although only one part of RAE submissions, the listing of published research outputs provides the primary evidence for research quality to most RAE panels, and is a significant driver of the final grade awarded, and thus the funding received by submitting institutions. The RAE, being a peer-reviewed assessment exercise, mirrors in some ways the peer-review process immured within scholarly publication. The developing role of journal publications as a vehicle for academic research output is examined via the chronology of the RAE, before assessing the current situation in which published journal output formed almost 70% of all output assessed by RAE panels in the latest exercise. The impact of this increased importance of academic journals in the assessment process is considered not only for academics but also for the wider community, i.e. publishers and libraries. Addresses: Oppenheim C (reprint author), Univ Loughborough, Dept Informat Sci, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU England Univ Loughborough, Dept Informat Sci, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU England Publisher: ASSOC LEARNED PROFESSIONAL SOC PUBL, SOUTH HOUSE, THE STREET WORTHING, W SUSSEX BN13 3UU, ENGLAND IDS Number: 772JX ISSN: 0953-1513 CITED REFERENCES : RAE 2001 PANEL OVERV 1987, TIMES HIGHER ED 0605, P16 2000, ULRICHS INT PERIODIC 2002, UNPUB JISC SCG REPOR 2002, UNPUB JISC SCHOLARY, P9 *ARL, 2000, DIR SCH EL J AC DISC *COMM VIC CHANC PR, 1993, RES PERF IND FIRST A *COMM VIC CHANC PR, 1995, HIGH ED MAN STAT FUT *HIGH ED FUND COUN, 2001 RAE OUTC *HIGH ED FUND COUN, 599 RAE HIGH ED FUND *HIGH ED FUND COUN, RAE CIRC 5 00 GUID C *HIGH ED FUND COUN, RAE96 295 GUID SUBM *HIGH ED FUND COUN, RES ASSESSMENT EXERC *HIGH ED FUND COUN, 1993, 693 HIGH ED FUND COU *I SCI INF, 1998, JOURN CIT REP *I SCI INF, 2000, J CIT REP *IMP COLL MAN SCH, 1994, INT J RANK LIST *JOINT PERF IND WO, 1994, MAN STAT PERF IND HE *JUDG I MAN STUD U, 1994, QUAL RANK J MAN SOC *ROYAL SOC CHEM, 1995, CHEM UK WILL SURVIVE *SCI ENG POL STUD, 1991, POLICY STUDY, V5 *SCRI, 1989, ISS QUANT ASS DEP RE *U FUND COUNC, 1989, REP 1989 RAE ADAMS J, 1998, BENCHMARKING INT STA, P18 ADAMS J, 1998, CTR POLICY STUDIES E, P31 BADENFULLER C, 2000, LONG RANGE PLANN, V33, P621 BARNARD JW, 1998, J LEGAL EDUC, V48, P490 BENCE V, 2000, THESIS, P10 BIGLAN A, 1973, J APPL PSYCHOL, V57, P204 CAMPBELL K, 1999, J LAW SOC, V26, P470 CAVE M, 1997, HIGHER ED POLICY SER, V3, P165 CAVE M, 1997, HIGHER ED POLICY SER, V3, P206 COE RK, 1983, J MARKETING ED, V5, P37 COOPER C, 1998, BRIT J MANAGE, V9, P77 COUSIN G, 2000, ITS WAY THEY TELL IT CREWE I, 1987, ESSEX PAPERS POLITIC, V44 DOYLE J, 1996, INT J MANAGEMENT SCI, V24, P24 DOYLE JR, 1996, OMEGA-INT J MANAGE S, V24, P13 ELTON L, 2000, HIGHER ED Q, V54, P274 EXTEJT MM, 1990, J MANAGE, V16, P539 GILLETT R, 1989, HIGH EDUC Q, V43, P20 GILLETTE R, 1986, SERIOUS ANOMALIES UG HARLEY S, 1995, 24 LEIC U BUS SCH HARNAD S, 2003, IMPROVING UK RAE WHI HENKEL M, 1999, HIGH EDUC, V38, P109 HOLMES A, 2001, INFORMATION RES, V6 KLING R, 1995, INFORMATION SOC, V11, P261 LAWRENCE S, 2001, NATURE, V411, P521 LEE F, 1998, NEW HIGHER ED ISSUES, P185 LIEBOWITZ SJ, 1984, J EC LIT MAR, P77 MYNOTT J, 1999, HIST HUM SCI, V12, P127 MYNOTT J, 1999, HIST HUM SCI, V12, P131 OPPENHEIM C, 1997, J DOC, V53, P477 PARKER LD, 1998, IPA C U MANCH PARKER LD, 1998, PUBLISH PERISH SOCIA PHELAN TJ, 1999, SCIENTOMETRICS, V45, P117 PHILLIMORE AJ, 1989, RES POLICY, V18, P255 PIERCY N, 2000, EUR J MARKETING, V34, P30 ROBERTS G, 2003, REV RES ASSESSMENT R ROGERS J, 2000, HIST HUM SCI, V13, P104 SAYERS S, 1997, RADICAL PHILOS JUN, P83 SAYERS S, 1997, RADICAL PHILOS MAY, P2 SMITH A, 2002, CORRELATION RAE RATI SMITH LN, 1994, J ADV NURS, V19, P385 SMYTH F, 1987, UNIVERSITY PERFORMAN STOKER D, 1996, J LIBR INF SCI, V28, P4 STOKER D, 1996, J LIBRARIANSHIP INFO, V28 TALIB AA, 2000, HIGH EDUC REV, V33, P33 TOMLINSON S, 2000, BRIT MED J, V320, P636 WALFORD L, 2000, LEARN PUBL, V13, P49 WARDE A, 1996, NETWORK, V64, P1 WARNER J, 2000, J INFORM SCI, V26, P453 WATSON R, 1997, J ADV NURS, V26, P641 WATTS S, 2002, RAE ENV UNFRIENDLY WELLER A, 2000, P 8 INT C MED LIBR L WELLS A, 1999, THESIS U SHEFFIELD WILLMOTT H, 1998, HIGH ED CLOS UP C U, P4 ZANDER M, 1986, TIMES From j.hartley at PSY.KEELE.AC.UK Tue Apr 5 07:00:42 2005 From: j.hartley at PSY.KEELE.AC.UK (James Hartley) Date: Tue, 5 Apr 2005 12:00:42 +0100 Subject: Refeering and the single author Message-ID: Colleagues may be interested in having a copy of one of my publications just out called, 'Refeering and the single author'. This paper appeared in the Journal of Information Science, 2005, 31, 3, 251-256. The abstract is as follows: The reported refeering times taken from submission to acceptance forpsychology journal articles were assessed in three separate studies, and the results then pooled. The pooled data suggested (i) that the papers of single authors were refereed faster than were those of pairs or or larger groups, and (ii) that the papers of single authors that contained portions that had been previously reported at conferences were refereed fastest of all. Some limitations of these studies that might have a bearing on these conclusions are considered. Copies of the paper are available from me at j.hartley at psy.keele.ac.uk James Hartley School of Psychology Keele University Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK j.hartley at psy.keele.ac.uk -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From loet at LEYDESDORFF.NET Mon Apr 11 02:04:25 2005 From: loet at LEYDESDORFF.NET (Loet Leydesdorff) Date: Mon, 11 Apr 2005 08:04:25 +0200 Subject: STS colloquium in Amsterdam Message-ID: Friday, 22 April 2005, 3-5 pm. Location: Oost-Indisch Huis, Heren XVII Kloveniersburgwal 48, 1012 CX Amsterdam 5 pm. drinks offered by ASCoR Communication Studies and STS Discussants: ? Liesbet van Zoonen (media and popular culture) Media, common sense and academic knowledge: ongoing battles ? Ed Tan (media entertainment) Communications and the boundaries of common sense chair: Paul Wouters (science & technology studies; e-science) Friday, 27 May 2005, 3-5 pm. Location: Oost-Indisch Huis, Heren XVII Kloveniersburgwal 48, 1012 CX Amsterdam 5 pm. drinks offered by the ASSR Sociology and STS Discussants: ? Abram de Swaan (university professor of social science) ? Bernhard Kittel (methods of social science research) chair: Rob Hagendijk (science & technology studies; political science) See for more details at http://www.leydesdorff.net/sts05 Loet Leydesdorff Universit? de Lausanne, School of Economics (HEC); Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR) loet at leydesdorff.net; http://www.leydesdorff.net -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Apr 13 13:31:44 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 13 Apr 2005 13:31:44 -0400 Subject: Braun T. Diospatonyi I. "U.S. Scientists Dominate as Journal Gatekeepers : Should we do anything about the skewed decision-making power of a few?" The Scientist, Vol.19(5):10, March 14 2005 Message-ID: Tibor Braun : braun at mail.iif.hu TITLE : U.S. Scientists Dominate as Journal Gatekeepers : Should we do anything about the skewed decision-making power of a few? AUTHORS: Braun T. Diospatonyi I. JOURNAL: The Scientist, Vol.19(5):10, March 14 2005 FULL TEXT FOLLOWS : The Scientist : Volume 19 | Issue 5 | 10 | Mar. 14, 2005 US Scientists Dominate as Journal Gatekeepers Should we do anything about the skewed decision-making power of a few? | By Tibor Braun and Ildik? Di?spatonyi _____________________________________________________________________ The editors in chief, deputy editors, managing editors, and editorial advisory boards who control scientific publication ? collectively known as gatekeepers1 ? exert a special influence on the orchestration of international research activity. The selection of journal gatekeepers is a self-organizing process that science has developed over the last three centuries. An invitation to serve as a gatekeeper is both a distinction and reward. But the process has skewed gatekeeper demographics, as we found when we built and evaluated a database of international core journal gatekeepers in 2003.2 We were trying to figure out whether counting such gatekeepers would be correlated with the trends in counts of journal papers and citations. In our database, science journals were defined as "international" if their editorial boards included scientists from at least eight countries, regardless of the journal title used. The "international" label in the title of some journals may hide what is really only a national one. On the other hand, for example, the editorial board of the American Heart Journal includes not only US-based scientists but also others, mostly from ten European countries. The current database contains data for 240 core journals from 12 science fields, chosen by the Gl?nzel and Schubert classification system,3 and includes the top 20 ranked by ISI's journal impact factor in each of the fields. The total number of analyzed gatekeepers can be considered as statistically significant when they are compared to indicators based on papers and/or citations. Table 1 presents results for 2003 and includes the number and percentage of gatekeepers for 10 countries. It also shows the number of papers in 12 science fields published and their citations, from 2000 to 2002, of papers published in 2000. The top 10 countries account for about 86 % of the gatekeepers. In data not shown here, we found that with few exceptions the number of US gatekeepers dominates the world of science to an extent that is considerably higher than their share of publications and citations. In Table 2 we present the number of editors-in-chiefs of the investigated core journals in science and in 12 science fields. The prevailing dominance of the United States in all fields is also clearly visible here. The dominance of the US gatekeepers, as demonstrated by our measurements, is not a conspiracy with some hidden intentions, but a consequence of the self organizing nature of science. Nothing needs to be done. However, it is an important reflection of the self-organizing mechanism which has allowed US gatekeepers to have a decisive influence on what, when and where worldwide research is published. Tibor Braun (braun at mail.iif.hu) is professor of chemistry at the Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, L. E?tv?s University, Budapest, Hungary and director of the Information and Science and Scientometrics Research Unit (ISSRU), Institute for Research Policy, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Ildik? Di?spatonyi is an ISSRU research scientist. References 1. D Crane "The gatekeepers of science: Some factors affecting the selection of articles for science journals," Am Sociol 1967, 2: 195-201. 2. T Braun "Keeping the gates of science journals. Gate keeping indicators of national performance in the sciences," Handbook of Quantitative Science and Technology Research (Edited by: Moed HFW, Gl?nzel W, Smoch V). Kluwer-Springer: Berlin 2004, 95-114. 3. W Gl?nzel, A Schubert "A new classification scheme of science fields and subfields designed for sciento-metric evaluation process," Scientometrics 2003, 56: 357. [Publisher Full Text] Table 1. Science Gatekeepers, journal papers and citations for 50 nations. Gatekeepers Papers Citations Country Rank No. % Rank No. % Rank No. % USA 1 6734 53.87 1 24526 32.07 1 1627684 35.32 UK 2 1265 10.12 3 6356 8.31 2 412217 8.94 Germany 3 797 6.38 2 6899 9.02 3 364841 7.92 Japan 5 427 3.42 5 4359 5.70 4 313590 6.80 Canada 6 405 3.24 7 2941 3.85 6 190696 4.14 Australia 7 284 2.27 12 1511 1.98 10 104726 2.27 Italy 8 267 2.14 6 3422 4.48 7 165009 3.58 Switzerland 9 256 2.05 10 1874 2.45 11 103734 2.25 Netherlands 10 235 1.88 9 2100 2.75 8 123716 2.68 Sources: Thomson-ISI Web of Science; Gatekeepers Database of the ISSRU Table 2. Editors-in-Chief of 240 Core Science Journals Country Sci Agri Biol Bios Biom Clin Clin Neur Chem Phys Geos Engn Math I II ___________________________________________________________________________ USA 726 56 56 64 57 100 105 68 64 35 22 47 52 EU 343 38 32 32 25 25 25 25 19 42 33 26 21 UK 152 13 22 16 15 8 12 14 8 9 16 10 9 (2003 total) Germany 68 10 2 7 3 2 5 6 5 13 6 6 3 Canada 35 7 2 0 1 6 4 3 5 2 1 3 1 France 30 4 3 0 0 3 2 3 0 4 6 4 1 Japan 28 4 2 2 3 2 1 4 5 2 1 1 1 Netherlands 28 2 2 1 3 3 3 1 3 4 3 1 2 Italy 25 2 3 5 2 0 1 0 1 6 1 1 3 Australia 21 8 1 0 2 1 3 0 1 0 2 1 2 Switzerland 18 1 1 2 3 0 2 1 2 4 1 1 0 From eugene.garfield at THOMSON.COM Wed Apr 13 13:56:55 2005 From: eugene.garfield at THOMSON.COM (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 13 Apr 2005 13:56:55 -0400 Subject: Braun T. Diospatonyi I. "U.S. Scientists Dominate as Journal Gatekeepers : Should we do anything about the skewed decision-making power of a few?" The Scientist, Vol.19(5):10, March 14 2005 Message-ID: Meher: Why are the footnotes dropping the parens? What happened to the url for The Scientist. We want people to go to the website. The table looks fine. EG When responding, please attach my original message __________________________________________________ Eugene Garfield, PhD. email: garfield at codex.cis.upenn.edu home page: www.eugenegarfield.org Tel: 215-243-2205 Fax 215-387-1266 President, The Scientist LLC. www.the-scientist.com 400 Market Street, Suite 1250, Philadelphia, PA 19106-2501 Chairman Emeritus, ISI www.isinet.com 3501 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3302 Past President, American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T) www.asis.org -----Original Message----- From: ASIS&T Special Interest Group on Metrics [mailto:SIGMETRICS at LISTSERV.UTK.EDU] On Behalf Of Garfield, Eugene Sent: Wednesday, April 13, 2005 1:32 PM To: SIGMETRICS at LISTSERV.UTK.EDU Subject: [SIGMETRICS] Braun T. Diospatonyi I. "U.S. Scientists Dominate as Journal Gatekeepers : Should we do anything about the skewed decision-making power of a few?" The Scientist, Vol.19(5):10, March 14 2005 Tibor Braun : braun at mail.iif.hu TITLE : U.S. Scientists Dominate as Journal Gatekeepers : Should we do anything about the skewed decision-making power of a few? AUTHORS: Braun T. Diospatonyi I. JOURNAL: The Scientist, Vol.19(5):10, March 14 2005 FULL TEXT FOLLOWS : The Scientist : Volume 19 | Issue 5 | 10 | Mar. 14, 2005 US Scientists Dominate as Journal Gatekeepers Should we do anything about the skewed decision-making power of a few? | By Tibor Braun and Ildik? Di?spatonyi _____________________________________________________________________ The editors in chief, deputy editors, managing editors, and editorial advisory boards who control scientific publication - collectively known as gatekeepers1 - exert a special influence on the orchestration of international research activity. The selection of journal gatekeepers is a self-organizing process that science has developed over the last three centuries. An invitation to serve as a gatekeeper is both a distinction and reward. But the process has skewed gatekeeper demographics, as we found when we built and evaluated a database of international core journal gatekeepers in 2003.2 We were trying to figure out whether counting such gatekeepers would be correlated with the trends in counts of journal papers and citations. In our database, science journals were defined as "international" if their editorial boards included scientists from at least eight countries, regardless of the journal title used. The "international" label in the title of some journals may hide what is really only a national one. On the other hand, for example, the editorial board of the American Heart Journal includes not only US-based scientists but also others, mostly from ten European countries. The current database contains data for 240 core journals from 12 science fields, chosen by the Gl?nzel and Schubert classification system,3 and includes the top 20 ranked by ISI's journal impact factor in each of the fields. The total number of analyzed gatekeepers can be considered as statistically significant when they are compared to indicators based on papers and/or citations. Table 1 presents results for 2003 and includes the number and percentage of gatekeepers for 10 countries. It also shows the number of papers in 12 science fields published and their citations, from 2000 to 2002, of papers published in 2000. The top 10 countries account for about 86 % of the gatekeepers. In data not shown here, we found that with few exceptions the number of US gatekeepers dominates the world of science to an extent that is considerably higher than their share of publications and citations. In Table 2 we present the number of editors-in-chiefs of the investigated core journals in science and in 12 science fields. The prevailing dominance of the United States in all fields is also clearly visible here. The dominance of the US gatekeepers, as demonstrated by our measurements, is not a conspiracy with some hidden intentions, but a consequence of the self organizing nature of science. Nothing needs to be done. However, it is an important reflection of the self-organizing mechanism which has allowed US gatekeepers to have a decisive influence on what, when and where worldwide research is published. Tibor Braun (braun at mail.iif.hu) is professor of chemistry at the Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, L. E?tv?s University, Budapest, Hungary and director of the Information and Science and Scientometrics Research Unit (ISSRU), Institute for Research Policy, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Ildik? Di?spatonyi is an ISSRU research scientist. References 1. D Crane "The gatekeepers of science: Some factors affecting the selection of articles for science journals," Am Sociol 1967, 2: 195-201. 2. T Braun "Keeping the gates of science journals. Gate keeping indicators of national performance in the sciences," Handbook of Quantitative Science and Technology Research (Edited by: Moed HFW, Gl?nzel W, Smoch V). Kluwer-Springer: Berlin 2004, 95-114. 3. W Gl?nzel, A Schubert "A new classification scheme of science fields and subfields designed for sciento-metric evaluation process," Scientometrics 2003, 56: 357. [Publisher Full Text] Table 1. Science Gatekeepers, journal papers and citations for 50 nations. Gatekeepers Papers Citations Country Rank No. % Rank No. % Rank No. % USA 1 6734 53.87 1 24526 32.07 1 1627684 35.32 UK 2 1265 10.12 3 6356 8.31 2 412217 8.94 Germany 3 797 6.38 2 6899 9.02 3 364841 7.92 Japan 5 427 3.42 5 4359 5.70 4 313590 6.80 Canada 6 405 3.24 7 2941 3.85 6 190696 4.14 Australia 7 284 2.27 12 1511 1.98 10 104726 2.27 Italy 8 267 2.14 6 3422 4.48 7 165009 3.58 Switzerland 9 256 2.05 10 1874 2.45 11 103734 2.25 Netherlands 10 235 1.88 9 2100 2.75 8 123716 2.68 Sources: Thomson-ISI Web of Science; Gatekeepers Database of the ISSRU Table 2. Editors-in-Chief of 240 Core Science Journals Country Sci Agri Biol Bios Biom Clin Clin Neur Chem Phys Geos Engn Math I II ___________________________________________________________________________ USA 726 56 56 64 57 100 105 68 64 35 22 47 52 EU 343 38 32 32 25 25 25 25 19 42 33 26 21 UK 152 13 22 16 15 8 12 14 8 9 16 10 9 (2003 total) Germany 68 10 2 7 3 2 5 6 5 13 6 6 3 Canada 35 7 2 0 1 6 4 3 5 2 1 3 1 France 30 4 3 0 0 3 2 3 0 4 6 4 1 Japan 28 4 2 2 3 2 1 4 5 2 1 1 1 Netherlands 28 2 2 1 3 3 3 1 3 4 3 1 2 Italy 25 2 3 5 2 0 1 0 1 6 1 1 3 Australia 21 8 1 0 2 1 3 0 1 0 2 1 2 Switzerland 18 1 1 2 3 0 2 1 2 4 1 1 0 From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Thu Apr 14 14:25:15 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Thu, 14 Apr 2005 14:25:15 -0400 Subject: Jacso P. "Citation-enhanced indexing/abstracting databases" Online Information Review 28(3):235-238 2004. Message-ID: Peter Jacso : jacso at hawaii.edu Title: Citation-enhanced indexing/abstracting databases Author(s): Jacso P Source: ONLINE INFORMATION REVIEW 28 (3): 235-238 2004 Cited References: 5 Times Cited: 1 Abstract: Provides an introductory look at what savvy users should know about the implications of having information about cited references in I/A records. Looks at the more sophisticated, link-enabled cited references and the novel citation scores in full-text collections, then discusses the alternatives for searching efficiently by elements of cited references: cited author, cited title, cited source and cited year in I/A databases and full-text archives. Addresses: Jacso P (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Manoa, HI USA Univ Hawaii, Manoa, HI USA Publisher: EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LIMITED, 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND IDS Number: 838LA ISSN: 1468-4527 Cited References: GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108 www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/papers/science_v122(3159)p108y1955.html JACSO P, 2004, INFORMATION TODAY, V21, P17 http://hypatia.slis.hawaii.edu/~jacso/extra/infotoday/cj-03/psy/psy.htm JACSO P, 2004, INFORMATION TODAY, V21, P19 JACSO P, 2004, INFORMATION TODAY, V21, P54 TENOPIR C, 2003, LIBR J, V126, P39 www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA178212 From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Thu Apr 14 16:53:32 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Thu, 14 Apr 2005 16:53:32 -0400 Subject: Makie T. Applying a Medical Budget System to Biostatistics Clinics. Journal of Medical Systems 28(5):469-474, October 2004 Message-ID: Toshio Makie : makie at musc.edu NOTE: This paper is not at all bibliometric but provides an interesting perspective on use of statistical methods in medicine. The estimated value of an academic paper is $300,000. "Furthermore, not all papers are of equal value. The accurate valuation of an academic paper requires incorporating an "Impact Factor" based on the reputation of the journal and the number of citations. The results of this simulation show that a biostatistics clinic is economically feasible based on the assumptions made in this study. Through such consultations, the knowledge of the most experienced medical doctors could be efficiently utilized. This would benefit both medical doctors and biostatisticians. Moreover, the presence of an on-site biostatistics clinic in a hospital also benefits patients and hospital administrators through consultation aimed at improving the quality of their medical treatment, based on statistics." TITLE : Applying a medical budget system to biostatistics clinics AUTHOR: Makie T SOURCE: Journal of Medical Systems 28(5):469-474 October 2004. ADDRESS: T. Makie, Medical University of S. Carolina, Dept. Biometry & Epidemiology, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 302G, POB 250835, Charleston, SC 29425 ABSTRACT: Biostatistics are indispensable in clinical medicine because doctors increasingly need to publish and understand medical articles that use statistical methods. An opportunity is needed for medical doctors to interact with biostatisticians on statistical issues. This paper's objective is to determine how much it costs to establish a biostatistics clinic and what revenue is required to run the clinic. A balance sheet was used to outline the revenue and expenses of a statistics clinic using a simple method introduced by the author. Expenses for personnel, material, and tenancy costs were 41.9, 18.1, and 25.1% of the total, respectively. To run, the biostatistics clinic required 200 research design engagements, 1200 h of hourly consultation, and 6600 h of data processing. To acquire scientific grants, each of four biostatisticians had to write one academic paper annually. The results show that a biostatistics clinic could be managed profitably based on the assumptions in this study. From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Thu Apr 14 17:09:10 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Thu, 14 Apr 2005 17:09:10 -0400 Subject: Geng J. and Yang J. AUTOBIB: Automatic Extraction of Bibliographic Information on the web. Proceedings of the IDEAS p.193-204, 2004. Message-ID: Junfei Geng : geng at cs.duke.edu Jun Yang : junyang at cs.duke.edu TITLE : AUTOBIB: Automatic Extraction of Bibliographic Information on the Web International Database Engineering and Applications Symposium (IDEAS'04) July 07 - 09, 2004 Coimbra, Portugal pp. 193-204 ABSTRACT: The Web has greatly facilitated access to information. However, information presented in HTML is mainly intended to be browsed by humans, and the problem of automatically extracting such information remains an important and challenging task. In this work, we focus on building a system called AUTOBIB to automate extraction of bibliographic information on the Web. We use a combination of bootstrapping, statistical, and heuristic methods to achieve a high degree of automation. To set up extraction from a new site, we only need to provide a few lines of code specifying how to download pages containing bibliographic information. We do not need to be concerned with each site?s presentation format, and the system can cope with changes in the presentation format without human intervention. AUTOBIB bootstraps itself with a small seed database of structured bibliographic records. For each bibliographicWeb site, we identify segments within its pages that represent bibliographic records, using state-of-the-art record-boundary discovery techniques. Next, we find matches for some of these "raw records" in the seed database using a set of heuristics. These matches serve as a training set for a parser based on the Hidden Markov Model (HMM), which is then used to parse the rest of the raw records into structured records. We have found an effectiveHMM structure with special states that correspond to delimiters and HTML tags in raw records. Experiments demonstrate that for our application, this HMM structure achieves high success rates without the complexity of previously proposed structures. From harnad at ECS.SOTON.AC.UK Sun Apr 17 09:47:43 2005 From: harnad at ECS.SOTON.AC.UK (Stevan Harnad) Date: Sun, 17 Apr 2005 14:47:43 +0100 Subject: Value of article per citation Message-ID: Dear David & Terry, In "Efficiency, Journal Publishing and Scholarly Research" http://web.middlebury.edu/NR/rdonlyres/A94D7223-2A21-4554-9C5C-7B4FA4D66B9C/0/0414.pdf you wrote: "The value of a publication to an academic has been studied by economists, and estimated at $500 per article, and -per citation." I would be very grateful if you could let me know what the estimate is per citation, and where the source is for this analysis. M co-authors and I would like to use it in a paper we are writing on the degree to which self-archiving an article on the web, thereby making it openly accessible to all users, increases its citation count. We would like to translate this citation increase into an estimate of the extra dollars to the author (via both research funding, or employment/salary/promotion/tenure): http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html You may be interested in estimating value per citation for UK Funding. This can be done, for each discipline, across universities, using the 2001 RAE returns, which can be translated directly into pounds sterling of top-sliced research funding, per department and institution, according to its RAE rank and the number of researchers submitted. http://www.hero.ac.uk/rae/ The RAE ranks, in turn, turn out to be highly correlated with the total citation counts for the researchers submitted: Smith, Andrew, & Eysenck, Michael (2002) "The correlation between RAE ratings and citation counts in psychology," June 2002 http://psyserver.pc.rhbnc.ac.uk/citations.pdf Holmes, Alison & Oppenheim, Charles (2001) Use of citation analysis to predict the outcome of the 2001 Research Assessment Exercise for Unit of Assessment (UoA) 61: Library and Information Management. http://www.shef.ac.uk/~is/publications/infres/paper103.html Best wishes, Stevan Harnad Professor of Cognitive Science Department of Electronics and Computer Science University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ UNITED KINGDOM phone: +44 23-80 592-388 fax: +44 23-80 592-865 harnad at ecs.soton.ac.uk http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/ From loet at LEYDESDORFF.NET Sun Apr 17 10:14:10 2005 From: loet at LEYDESDORFF.NET (Loet Leydesdorff) Date: Sun, 17 Apr 2005 16:14:10 +0200 Subject: EU Guide of Science, Technology, and Innovation Studies -- reloaded Message-ID: Paul Wouters, Jan Annerstedt, & Loet Leydesdorff, The European Guide to Science, Technology, and Innovation Studies. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1999 -- X, 517 pp., ISBN 92-828-5901-0. > It is a bit historical, but some of you had asked me to reload it. With kind regards, Loet ** apologies for cross-postings ________________________________ Loet Leydesdorff Universit? de Lausanne, School of Economics (HEC); Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR) -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From harnad at ECS.SOTON.AC.UK Mon Apr 18 17:26:18 2005 From: harnad at ECS.SOTON.AC.UK (Stevan Harnad) Date: Mon, 18 Apr 2005 22:26:18 +0100 Subject: Cost/benefit per article/citation In-Reply-To: <200504172030.j3HKUxMr024459@maury.cfa.harvard.edu> Message-ID: On Sun, 17 Apr 2005, Mike Kurtz wrote: > I am away so I cannot work this out, but the cost per refereed paper in > astronomy is between 0.5 and 1 Million $US. This just takes the number > of refereed pubs and divides into the 6-7 G$ cost of the field per year. > It is $1M if you only take the main joutrnals. > > If each article references 20 papers (a good guess, I can do beter > when home) then > the value of each cite is @5-50 thousand $ NOT $500. Dear Mike, Thanks so much. That's a very interesting and useful calculation, but not quite what I meant! You are there giving the *cost* per article (or citation), whereas I was asking about the *value* (benefit, return) per article and citation (for those whose salaries and/or research funding covary with article and citation counts). Hal Varian (many thanks Hal!) construed my query in the direction I had intended, and replied with the 4 references below. A 20 year old study across fields by Diamond found the marginal value of a citation to vary from $50 to $1300, depending on the discipline and its annual number of annual articles per author, and depending also on whether it is for the 1st citation (above 0) or the Nth. http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v11p354y1988.pdf It would be wonderful to have a more recent estimate of the marginal dollar value per citation (to the author and/or the author's institution), across disciplines, now that we are in the online age! (That would help me translate the OA citation advantage into the only language that everyone seems to understand: dollars!) http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html Chrs, S PS (Even for the cost per article (or citation), I would rather divide the number of articles published annually by astro journals into the total annual revenue of astor journals. There I think the average cost is about $2000 per article (of which only about 25% is for implementing peer review, which I think is the only essential cost: the rest could be scrapped, the journal doing and certifying the outcome of the peer review, and all archiving and access-provision offloaded onto that author's institution (and funder).) Date: Sun, 17 Apr 2005 16:19:09 UT From: hal at sims.berkeley.edu To: harnad at ecs.soton.ac.uk Subject: value of a citation There's a reasonable amount of work in this area. Here are a few JSTOR references. http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html Title: Economists' Salaries and Lifetime Productivity Author(s): Lawrence W. Kenny; Roger E. Studley Source: Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 62, No. 2. (Oct., 1995), pp. 382-393. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-4038%28199510%2962%3A2%3C382%3AESALP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q Title: What is a Citation Worth? http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v11p354y1988.pdf Author(s): Arthur M. Diamond Jr. Source: The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 21, No. 2. (Spring, 1986), pp. 200-215. Abstract: A robust finding in all studies is that citations are a positive and significant determinant of earnings over almost all of the observed range of citation levels. The marginal value of a citation (when the level of citations is zero) varies between $50 and $1,300. Some differences in marginal values may be due to differences in citation practices among disciplines while others may be due to differences among the studies in the control variables included in the salary regressions. Finally, no gain in explanatory power results from the inclusion in the salary regression of the costly nonfirst-author citation measure. Title: Estimates of the Returns to Quality and Coauthorship in Economic Academia Author(s): Raymond D. Sauer Source: The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 96, No. 4. (Aug., 1988), pp. 855-866. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28198808%2996%3A4%3C855%3AEOTRTQ%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P Abstract: Salaries of academic economists are studied to determine if individuals receive differential returns to publishing articles of varying quality and to coauthored versus single-authored articles. Estimates based on detailed data and a flexible nonlinear least-squares procedure indicate that substantial returns to quality exist and that an individual's return from a coauthored paper with n authors is approximately 1/n times that of a single-authored paper. Title: Scholarship, Citations and Salaries: Economic Rewards in Economics Author(s): Daniel S. Hamermesh; George E. Johnson; Burton A. Weisbrod Source: Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 49, No. 2. (Oct., 1982), pp. 472-481. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-4038%28198210%2949%3A2%3C472%3ASCASER%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y From gp at CMMACS.ERNET.IN Mon Apr 18 23:16:28 2005 From: gp at CMMACS.ERNET.IN (Gangan Prathap) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 2005 08:46:28 +0530 Subject: Cost/benefit per article/citation Message-ID: In India, we worked this out to be approx $200,000 a paper (approx. Rs. 1 crore = Rs. 10 million). Gangan Prathap Stevan Harnad wrote: >Adminstrative info for SIGMETRICS (for example unsubscribe): >http://web.utk.edu/~gwhitney/sigmetrics.html > >On Sun, 17 Apr 2005, Mike Kurtz wrote: > > > >>I am away so I cannot work this out, but the cost per refereed paper in >>astronomy is between 0.5 and 1 Million $US. This just takes the number >>of refereed pubs and divides into the 6-7 G$ cost of the field per year. >>It is $1M if you only take the main joutrnals. >> >>If each article references 20 papers (a good guess, I can do beter >>when home) then > the value of each cite is @5-50 thousand $ NOT $500. >> >> > >Dear Mike, > >Thanks so much. That's a very interesting and useful calculation, but >not quite what I meant! You are there giving the *cost* per article (or >citation), whereas I was asking about the *value* (benefit, return) per >article and citation (for those whose salaries and/or research funding >covary with article and citation counts). > >Hal Varian (many thanks Hal!) construed my query in the direction I had >intended, and replied with the 4 references below. A 20 year old study >across fields by Diamond found the marginal value of a citation to vary >from $50 to $1300, depending on the discipline and its annual number of >annual articles per author, and depending also on whether it is for the >1st citation (above 0) or the Nth. >http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v11p354y1988.pdf > >It would be wonderful to have a more recent estimate of the marginal >dollar value per citation (to the author and/or the author's institution), >across disciplines, now that we are in the online age! (That would help >me translate the OA citation advantage into the only language that >everyone seems to understand: dollars!) >http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html > >Chrs, S >PS (Even for the cost per article (or citation), I would rather divide the >number of articles published annually by astro journals into the total >annual revenue of astor journals. There I think the average cost is >about $2000 per article (of which only about 25% is for implementing >peer review, which I think is the only essential cost: the rest could be >scrapped, the journal doing and certifying the outcome of the peer >review, and all archiving and access-provision offloaded onto that >author's institution (and funder).) > >Date: Sun, 17 Apr 2005 16:19:09 UT >From: hal at sims.berkeley.edu >To: harnad at ecs.soton.ac.uk >Subject: value of a citation > >There's a reasonable amount of work in this area. Here are a few JSTOR >references. > >http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html > >Title: Economists' Salaries and Lifetime Productivity >Author(s): Lawrence W. Kenny; Roger E. Studley >Source: Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 62, No. 2. (Oct., 1995), > pp. 382-393. >Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-4038%28199510%2962%3A2%3C382%3AESALP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q > >Title: What is a Citation Worth? >http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v11p354y1988.pdf >Author(s): Arthur M. Diamond Jr. >Source: The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 21, No. 2. (Spring, > 1986), pp. 200-215. >Abstract: A robust finding in all studies is that citations are a > positive and significant determinant of earnings over > almost all of the observed range of citation levels. The > marginal value of a citation (when the level of citations > is zero) varies between $50 and $1,300. Some > differences in marginal values may be due to differences > in citation practices among disciplines while others may > be due to differences among the studies in the control > variables included in the salary regressions. Finally, no > gain in explanatory power results from the inclusion in > the salary regression of the costly nonfirst-author > citation measure. > >Title: Estimates of the Returns to Quality and Coauthorship in > Economic Academia >Author(s): Raymond D. Sauer >Source: The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 96, No. 4. (Aug., > 1988), pp. 855-866. >Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28198808%2996%3A4%3C855%3AEOTRTQ%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P >Abstract: Salaries of academic economists are studied to determine > if individuals receive differential returns to publishing > articles of varying quality and to coauthored versus > single-authored articles. Estimates based on detailed data > and a flexible nonlinear least-squares procedure indicate > that substantial returns to quality exist and that an > individual's return from a coauthored paper with n authors > is approximately 1/n times that of a single-authored > paper. > >Title: Scholarship, Citations and Salaries: Economic Rewards in > Economics >Author(s): Daniel S. Hamermesh; George E. Johnson; Burton A. > Weisbrod >Source: Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 49, No. 2. (Oct., 1982), > pp. 472-481. >Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-4038%28198210%2949%3A2%3C472%3ASCASER%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y > > > -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: A_paper_a_crore_II.pdf Type: application/pdf Size: 9934 bytes Desc: not available URL: From benjamin at UGR.ES Tue Apr 19 03:49:09 2005 From: benjamin at UGR.ES (Ben) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 2005 09:49:09 +0200 Subject: CiteSpace software available for visualizing networks over time slices In-Reply-To: Message-ID: An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Apr 20 15:25:54 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 2005 15:25:54 -0400 Subject: Cami, J; Sunen-Pinol, E; Mendez-Vazquez, R "Bibliometric map of Spain 1994-2002: biomedicine and health sciences" MEDICINA CLINICA 124 (3). JAN 2 2005. p.93-101 EDICIONESDOYMA S.L Barcelona Message-ID: Jordi Cami : e-mail: jcami at imim.es TITLE: Bibliometric map of Spain 1994-2002: biomedicine and health sciences (Article, Spanish) AUTHOR: Cami, J; Sunen-Pinol, E; Mendez-Vazquez, R SOURCE: MEDICINA CLINICA 124 (3). JAN 2 2005. p.93-101 EDICIONES DOYMA S/L, BARCELONA ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The present study is a 1994- 2002 update of the Spanish biomedical bibliometric map that follows other reports already published in MEDICINA CUNICA concerning the previous periods 1986-1989 and 1990-1993. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The results are restricted to citable documents, items that were classified in 70 categories according to 1996 JCR. Bibliometric analysis was based on simple (number of documents and number of received citations) and composite indicators (international collaboration, or percent of non cited documents). RESULTS: Spain occupies the eleventh place in the world, and the seventh place among the European countries. Despite Spanish contribution to the world biomedical production is 2.4 % it accounts for only 1.8 % of the whole citations. Spanish health sector is responsible for nearly the half of the total biomedical output. The 24.8 % of documents are published in international collaboration, a proportion that accumulates the 45.5 % of biomedical citations received. Catalonia stands out for its clinical research profile, Madrid for its CSIC high density centres while Andalusia and Valencia for their activity from university sector. CONCLUSIONS: Although the sustained growth in the number of documents, the ratio of citations per document remains below the international average. Despite of the international publication is greater than the world average, it remains under the European countries average. The analysis of the geographical and centre documents distribution shows a similar structure of biomedical scientific system when compared to preceding analyses, nevertheless with better results. AUTHOR ADDRESS: J Cami, Dr Aiguader 80, Barcelona 08003, Spain CITED REFERENCES : CR *OECD SCI, 2003, TECHN IND SCOR 2003 *SCI ENG IND, 2004, NAT SCI FDN ADAMS J, 1998, NATURE, V396, P615 CAMI J, 1993, MED CLIN-BARCELONA, V101, P721 CAMI J, 1994, PRODUCION CIENTIFICA CAMI J, 1997, MED CLIN-BARCELONA, V109, P481 CAMI J, 1997, MED CLIN-BARCELONA, V109, P515 CAMI J, 2003, CARACTERIZACION BIBL DEMOYAANEGON F, 2004, INDICADORES CIENTIFI GLANZEL W, 1999, SCIENTOMETRICS, V45, P185 GOMEZ I, 2004, REV CIN ESP, V204, P75 KING DA, 2004, NATURE, V430, P311 NARIN F, 1991, SCIENTOMETRICS, V21, P313 PESTANA A, 1992, SCIENTOMETRICS, V24, P95 RAHMAN M, 2003, INT J TECHNOL ASSESS, V19, P249 RAHMAN M, 2003, PUBLIC HEALTH, V117, P274 From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Apr 20 17:44:43 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 2005 17:44:43 -0400 Subject: Chu H. "Taxonomy of inlinked Web entities: What does it imply for webometric research?" LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH 27 (1). 2005. p. 8-27. Message-ID: Heting Chu : hchu at liu.edu TITLE: Taxonomy of inlinked Web entities: What does it imply for webometric research? (Article, English) AUTHOR: Chu, H SOURCE: LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH 27 (1). 2005. p.8-27 ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, NEW YORK ABSTRACT: Hyperlinks from other Web sites are, in some respect, similar to bibliographical citations. Link analysis, like citation analysis in bibliometrics, has emerged as a research area of webometrics in recent years. But why are links made and where do they point? A sample of inlinked Web entities (i.e., Web pages or Web sites) was randomly selected from a group of academic institutions' Web sites. The inlinked sites, along with the hyperlink data and outlinking sites, were analyzed and categorized to form a taxonomy of inlinked sites. Based on this taxonomy, a list of reasons for hyperlinking, grouped in four top-level categories (teaching/learning, research, service, and home page), was identified. Compared with bibliographical citations, hyperlinks were made for a different set of reasons. Hyperlinking also has fewer dimensions, less complexity, and little negative implication. On the whole, almost 50% of all the inlinks examined were created for pointing to resource or directory information provided at the target Web sites. In addition, nearly three fourths (73%) of all the inlinked sites analyzed in this study were linked to for reasons relating to service or home page while less than one third (27%) of the links were made out of research or teaching/learning motivations. Yet, teaching and research are the two major criteria traditionally used for evaluating academic institutions. These findings, although by no means conclusive, suggest that evaluative link-based studies should not only consider link counts but also reasons for hyperlinking in order to ensure the validity of such research. (c) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. AUTHOR ADDRESS: H Chu, Long Isl Univ, Palmer Sch Lib & Informat Sci, CW Post Campus,720 No Blvd, Greenvale, NY 11548 USA From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Thu Apr 21 17:17:19 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Thu, 21 Apr 2005 17:17:19 -0400 Subject: Abt HA. "A comparison of the citation counts in the Science Citation Index and the NASA Astronomical Data System" Chapter in Organizations and Strategies in Astronomy, Vol:6, ed. Andre Heck, 2004. Kluwer . Message-ID: TITLE : A COMPARISON OF THE CITATION COUNTS IN THE SCIENCE CITATION INDEX AND THE NASA ASTRONOMICAL DATA SYSTEM (Chapter in Organizations and Strategies in Astronomy, Vol. 6, ed. Andre Heck, 2004) AUTHOR : Helmut A. Abt ADDRESS: Kitt Peak National Observatory Tucson, AZ 85726-6732, USA E-mail: abt at noao.edu FULL TEXT AVAILABLE AT : http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/papers/helmutabtorgstratastronv6y2004.html Abstract >From a comparison of 1000+ references to 20 papers in four fields of astronomy (solar, stellar, nebular, galaxy), we found that the citation counts in Science Citation Index (SCI) and Astronomical Data System (ADS) agree for 85% of the citations. ADS gives 15% more citation counts than SCI. SCI has more citations among physics and chemistry journals, while ADS includes more from conferences. Each one misses less than 1% of the citations. From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Fri Apr 22 14:54:14 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2005 14:54:14 -0400 Subject: Watkins N. "Citation Rates" ASTRONOMY & GEOPHYSICS 45 (5): 9-9 OCT 2004 Message-ID: N. Watkins : e-mail: NWW at bas.ac.uk FULL TEXT AVAILABLE AT : www.astro.warwick.ac.uk/~nickw/preprint.pdf and www.astro.warwick.ac.uk/~nickw/Panel1.eps .../Panel2.eps and .../Panel3.eps for the figures. TITLE : Citation Rates Author(s): Watkins N Source: ASTRONOMY & GEOPHYSICS 45 (5): 9-9 OCT 2004 Document Type: Editorial Material Language: English Cited References: 7 Times Cited: 0 Addresses: Watkins N (reprint author), MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, CB3 0ET England Publisher: BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD, 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND IDS Number: 857QX ISSN: 1366-8781 CITED REFERENCES : Cited Author Cited Work Year Volume Page BOUCHAUD JP THEORY FINANCIAL RIS 2000 LAHERRERE J EUR PHYS J B 1998 2 525 PEARCE F A G 45 REDNER S EUR PHYS J B 1998 4 131 SHOCKLEY W P IRE 1957 45 279 SIMON HA BIOMETRIKA 1955 42 424 TSALLIS C EUR PHYS J B 2000 13 777 From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Fri Apr 22 17:05:10 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2005 17:05:10 -0400 Subject: Vayssairat M. "Impact factor and "Journal des Maladies Vasculaires". JOURNAL DES MALADIES VASCULAIRES 29 (3): 131-132 JUL 2004 Message-ID: E-mail Addresses: michel.vayssairat at tnn.ap-hop-paris.fr Title : Impact factor and "Journal des Maladies Vasculaires". Author(s): Vayssairat M Source : JOURNAL DES MALADIES VASCULAIRES 29 (3): 131-132 JUL 2004 Document Type: Editorial Material Language: French Cited References: 0 Times Cited: 0 Addresses: Vayssairat M (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, Hop Tenon, 4,Rue Chine, Paris, F-75970 20 France Univ Paris 06, Hop Tenon, Paris, F-75970 20 France E-mail Addresses: michel.vayssairat at tnn.ap-hop-paris.fr Publisher: MASSON EDITEUR, 21 STREET CAMILLE DESMOULINS, ISSY, 92789 MOULINEAUX CEDEX 9, FRANCE IDS Number: 841HP ISSN: 0398-0499 ENGLISH TRANSLATION : Impact factor and the Journal des Maladies Vasculaires. Vayssairat M. J Mal Vasc 2004 ; 29, 3 : 131-132 Universit? de Paris VI, H?pital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine 75970 Paris Cedex 20, France. The Journal des Maladies Vasculaires has an impact factor of 0.632. Just a raw figure that means a lot, the arithmetic fruit of years of hard work throughout the discipline. The impact factor ranks journals by number of citations in the medical literature. The more articles are cited, the higher the impact factor, and inversely. The raw figure is smoothed over a period of two years to avoid ups and downs. The final figure is calculated as the number of citations published in years n-1 and n-2 divided by the total number of articles published in years n-1 and n-2. There are two types of medical journals: those indexed in Current Contents (which determines the impact factor) and those which are not indexed. These latter journals are often considered medical magazines rather than real scientific publications. They are nevertheless very useful for diffusing general information and provide a high-level source for continuing education. These journals have a wide readership and are especially appreciated by the pharmaceutical industry, their principal source of funding. Authors are less inclined to publish spontaneously in these journals which generally solicit papers written by authors for a fee. Journals with an impact factor are much different in nature. They are more difficult to read and each individual article only interests a small number of readers. All articles are reviewed by a tough Editorial Board which carefully evaluates manuscripts before publication. The papers published have to fit the classical schema with a structured abstract and the standard sections - introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references - which can make rather drab reading. All submitted manuscripts are read and reread (authors, editors, referees, publisher, galley proofs, etc.) Were it not for the magnificent database Medline, the potential reader could get lost in this huge market of several million articles per year, but on the Internet everyone is just a few clicks away from a selection of the two or three articles of interest. Without this complementary and free tool, the medical literature would be a second tour of Babel, something like a dictionary where the words would be listed at random instead of in alphabetical order. Just for fun, try typing in the name of a friend (or enemy), a colleague or any possible medical author in the Medline search (name and initials). Click on the Go on the right and in less than two seconds you get a list of the publications referenced for this author. At the bottom of the first page, there is a shaded line giving the total number of publications for this author in referenced journals. This simple figure, which does not take into consideration the quality of the publications, is an interesting piece of information, which for many of us could inspire a bit more circumspection about our modest number of publications. The Journal des Maladies Vasculaires has had a remarkable track record: from 0.121 in 1993, its impact factor has risen regularly, two-fold in 1999 and three-fold in 2001, and even five-fold now. This remarkable leap is has been possible because of the efforts of a large number of people, but first and foremost, my predecessor, Professor Claude Olivier who worked the field and seeded the ground so his successor could reap the harvest. It has also been possible because those working in the diverse medical, surgical, radiological, and biological fields of our discipline have made vascular medicine a new specialty, different from cardiology despite its common origin, and closer to internal medicine. Actually, since vessels irrigating the different organs often have similar diseases, risk factors, and treatments, our specialty lies at a crossroads of numerous disciplines. We still have to invent a specific training program for vascular medicine, the current capacity system being insufficient. We will have to construct a curriculum where vascular medicine is clearly perceived as distinct from cardiology, internal medicine, or vascular surgery, yet forming a common link uniting cardiology and internal medicine and bridging the gap between medicine and surgery. The Journal des Maladies Vasculaires has three motors: our learned society, the Coll?ge Fran?ais de Pathologie Vasculaire, an annual congress in Paris which regularly welcomes more than 1400 participants and has been going strong for thirty-eight years, and an indexed scientific journal we can be proud of. With an impact factor of 0.632, the Journal des Maladies Vasculaires is just behind the Annals of Vascular Surgery (0.852) published in English and just ahead of the Archives des Maladies du Coeur et des Vaisseaux (0.416). Several very good journals of vascular pathology have a lower impact factor: Phlebology (in English) (0.314), VASA (English or German) (0.434). The journals of internal medicine have made considerable progress in terms of quality in the past few years but have not received due compensation: the Revue de Medicine Interne had an impact factor of 0.396 and the prestigious Presse M?dicale published by Masson is at 0.395. The impact factor is a useful evaluation criterion but it is not omnipotent. One might consider it a good way for an Editor-in-chief to attract top notch papers. Every Editor-in-chief thinks that his impact factor is underevaluated, compared with the efforts to improve quality, but with results not always up to expectations There could be many excuses, some good, some bad. We could blame Lafayette or dream up some conjuration by our English-speaking colleagues, but the facts are hard and we should find our own solutions to our own problems. One simple solution, not appreciated by our research organizations, is to incite French authors to cite French journals. Sometimes it looks like authors forget French journals on purpose. Do authors really believe that the quality of their treasured piece of prose is proportional to the impact factor of the citations in their list of references? A second solution would be to set things straight with the University authorities (and certain Deans) who dare tells us (even in writing !) to voluntarily omit all publications in French journals in our list of titles and publications. This way of thinking may be realistic but it is certainly not very pragmatic. It is clearly suicidal for the entire system (including research itself). A third solution is to use the intelligence of the National University Council. Certain members have come up with the idea of giving a boost to certain journals by dissociating some publications from their impact factor. This has been done by the Vascular Surgery, Vascular Medicine Council for its candidate surgeons. It has had a negative effect on the Journal des Maladies Vasculaires since our journal was not retained for this favorable treatment. Here in France we have the best healthcare system in the world, admired by all. The French people know that and are ready to demonstrate by millions in the street to protect it against the slightest attack, too bad if it costs so much. Those who know it can still be improved (physicians, researchers, hospital or private practitioners) are its most virulent critics. Reforms are necessary but those who give such good advice about change (namely for example INSERM or CNRS) remind one of the pot calling the kettle black. Impact factors can reach astronomic levels: 30 for Nature and 31 for the New England Journal of Medicine. We can dream if we want and lament about not being American but shouldn't forget the fable of the frog who wanted to be as big as an ox. Wolves hunt in packs, and for us - physicians, researchers, learned societies, universities, and medical journals - who by our professions are responsible for the good of all, union is the pathway to progress. From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Mon Apr 25 15:15:24 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 2005 15:15:24 -0400 Subject: Bliziotis IA, Paraschakis K, Vergidis PI, Karavasiou AI, "Worldwide trends in quantity and quality of published articles in the field of infectious diseases" BMC Infectious Diseases 5: Art. No. 16 MAR 21 2005 Message-ID: E-mail Addresses: Bliziotis : j.bliziotis at alfahc.gr Paraschakis: s6990054 at yahoo.com Vergidis : pvergidis at hotmail.com Karavasiou : a.karavasiou at alfahc.gr Falagas : matthew.falagas at tufts.edu Full Text Available at : http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/5/16 (you have to register - free). Title: Worldwide trends in quantity and quality of published articles in the field of infectious diseases Author(s): Bliziotis IA, Paraschakis K, Vergidis PI, Karavasiou AI, Falagas ME Source: BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 5: Art. No. 16 MAR 21 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 22 Times Cited: 0 Abstract: Background: Trying to confront with the widespread burden of infectious diseases, the society worldwide invests considerably on research. We evaluated the contribution of different world regions in research production in Infectious Diseases. Methods: Using the online Pubmed database we retrieved articles from 38 journals included in the "Infectious Diseases" category of the "Journal Citation Reports" database of the Institute for Scientific Information for the period 1995 - 2002. The world was divided into 9 regions based on geographic, economic and scientific criteria. Using an elaborate retrieval system we obtained data on published articles from different world regions. In our evaluation we introduced an estimate of both quantity and quality of research produced from each world region per year using: ( 1) the total number of publications, ( 2) the mean impact factor of publications, and ( 3) the product of the above two parameters. Results: Data on the country of origin of the research was available for 45,232 out of 45,922 retrieved articles (98.5 %). USA and Western Europe are by far the most productive regions concerning publications of research articles. However, the rate of increase in the production of articles was higher in Eastern Europe, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Asia during the study period. The mean impact factor is highest for articles originating in the USA (3.42), while it was 2.82 for Western Europe and 2.73 for the rest of the world ( 7 regions combined). Conclusion: USA and Western Europe make up a striking 80% of the world's research production in Infectious Diseases in terms of both quantity and quality. However, all world regions achieved a gradual increase in the production of Infectious Diseases articles, with the regions ranking lower at present displaying the highest rate of increase. Addresses: Falagas ME (reprint author), Alfa Inst Biomed Sci, Athens, Greece Alfa Inst Biomed Sci, Athens, Greece Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA E-mail Addresses: j.bliziotis at alfahc.gr, s6990054 at yahoo.com, pvergidis at hotmail.com, a.karavasiou at alfahc.gr, matthew.falagas at tufts.edu Publisher: BIOMED CENTRAL LTD, MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND IDS Number: 914PA ISSN: 1471-2334 CITED REFERENCES: *I SCI INF, 2004, SCI SCI CIT IND J CI *NAT LIB MED, 2004, IND MED DAT *UN, 2004, UN STAT YB *WORLD BANK, 2004, WORLD DEV IND BARNABY DP, 1998, ANN EMERG MED, V31, P78 BOLDT J, 2000, ACTA ANAESTH SCAND, V44, P842 GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108 GENSINI GF, 1999, ANN ITAL MED INT, V14, P130 JEMEC GBE, 2001, BMC DERMATOL, V1, P7 KEISER J, 2004, BRIT MED J, V328, P1229 LUUKKONEN T, 1990, ANN MED, V22, P145 MELA GS, 2003, EUR RADIOL, V13, P657 RAHMAN M, 2002, NEW ENGL J MED, V347, P1211 RAHMAN M, 2003, PUBLIC HEALTH, V117, P274 RAMOS JM, 2004, EUR J CLIN MICROBIOL, V23, P180 ROSMARAKIS ES, IN PRESS INT J CARDI SEGLEN PO, 1997, BRIT MED J, V314, P498 STOSSEL TP, 1990, NEW ENGL J MED, V322, P739 UGOLINI D, 2003, EUR J CANCER, V39, P1888 VERGIDIS PI, IN PRESS EUR J CLIN WHITEHOUSE GH, 2002, EUR RADIOL, V12, P715 WINKMANN G, 2000, DEUT MED WOCHENSCHR, V125, P1133 From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Mon Apr 25 15:31:59 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 2005 15:31:59 -0400 Subject: Mermin ND "Proper citation of the Matthew effect (Letter, English)" PHYSICS TODAY 58 (4). APR 2005. p.17,87 Message-ID: FULL TEXT AT : http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-58/iss-4/p17.html TITLE: Proper citation of the Matthew effect (Letter, English) AUTHOR: Mermin, ND SOURCE: PHYSICS TODAY 58 (4). APR 2005. p.17,87 AMER INST PHYSICS, MELVILLE SEARCH TERM(S): CITATION item_title; CITATION* item_title; PHYS TODAY source_abbrev_20; LETTER* doctype AUTHOR ADDRESS: ND Mermin, Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY USA From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Mon Apr 25 16:11:38 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 2005 16:11:38 -0400 Subject: Chidambaram, R. "Measures of progress in science and technology " CURRENT SCIENCE 88 (6). MAR 25 2005. p.856-860 Message-ID: R. Chidambaram : e-mail: rajachid at nic.in FULL TEXT AVAILABLE AT : http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/mar252005/856.pdf TITLE: Measures of progress in science and technology (Editorial Material, English) AUTHOR: Chidambaram, R SOURCE: CURRENT SCIENCE 88 (6). MAR 25 2005. p.856-860 CURRENT SCIENCE ASSN, BANGALORE Document Type: Editorial Material Language: English Cited References: 10 Abstract: Research publications are clearly one of the quantitative measures for the basic research activity in a country. The root cause for stagnancy in the number of research publications from India seems related to talented and bright young students riot opting for careers in science in recent years. Apart from basic research, there are other kinds of research and technology development also, e.g. mission-oriented, industry-oriented, country-specific, etc. The Principal Scientific Adviser's office has taken up projects on measures of progress of science and technology in some areas: on Indian patenting activity, on agricultural and rural development and on publication output. It is also necessary to measure achievements in high-technology and in country-specific research. Addresses: Chidambaram R (reprint author), Govt India, Off Principal Sci Adviser, Maulana Azad Rd, New Delhi, 110011 India Govt India, Off Principal Sci Adviser, New Delhi, 110011 India Bhabha Atom Res Ctr, Bombay, Maharashtra 400085 India E-mail Addresses: rajachid at nic.in Publisher: CURRENT SCIENCE ASSN, C V RAMAN AVENUE, PO BOX 8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA Subject Category: MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES IDS Number: 914CO ISSN: 0011-3891 CITED REFERENCES : 2005, WORLD DEV REPORT *MIN SCI TECHN, 2003, SCI TECHN POL *PSA, PSA20041 *THOMS SCI, WEB SCI ARUNACHALAM S, 2002, CURR SCI INDIA, V83, P107 CHIDAMBARAM R, 1999, CURR SCI INDIA, V77, P859 GUPTA RP, 2004, CURR SCI INDIA, V86, P1195 KING DA, 2004, NATURE, V430, P311 MEDAWAR PB, 1979, ADVICE YOUNG SCI VARADARAJAN S, 2004, CURR SCI INDIA, V87, P419 From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Tue Apr 26 15:54:02 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Tue, 26 Apr 2005 15:54:02 -0400 Subject: "Lu, T; Costello, CM; Croucher, PJP; Hasler, R; Deuschl, GN; Schreiber, S "Can Zipf's law be adapted to normalize microarrays?" BMC BIOINFORMATICS 6. FEB 23 2005. p.NIL_1-NIL_13 Message-ID: Dr. Stefan Schreiber : s.schreiber at mucosa.de FULL TEXT IS AVAILABLE AT : http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/6/37 TITLE: Can Zipf's law be adapted to normalize microarrays? - art. no. 37 (Article, English) AUTHOR: Lu, T; Costello, CM; Croucher, PJP; Hasler, R; Deuschl, GN; Schreiber, S SOURCE: BMC BIOINFORMATICS 6. FEB 23 2005. p.NIL_1-NIL_13 BIOMED CENTRAL LTD, LONDON ABSTRACT: Background: Normalization is the process of removing non- biological sources of variation between array experiments. Recent investigations of data in gene expression databases for varying organisms and tissues have shown that the majority of expressed genes exhibit a power-law distribution with an exponent close to - 1 ( i.e. obey Zipf's law). Based on the observation that our single channel and two channel microarray data sets also followed a power-law distribution, we were motivated to develop a normalization method based on this law, and examine how it compares with existing published techniques. A computationally simple and intuitively appealing technique based on this observation is presented. Results: Using pairwise comparisons using MA plots ( log ratio vs. log intensity), we compared this novel method to previously published normalization techniques, namely global normalization to the mean, the quantile method, and a variation on the loess normalization method designed specifically for boutique microarrays. Results indicated that, for single channel microarrays, the quantile method was superior with regard to eliminating intensity-dependent effects ( banana curves), but Zipf's law normalization does minimize this effect by rotating the data distribution such that the maximal number of data points lie on the zero of the log ratio axis. For two channel boutique microarrays, the Zipf's law normalizations performed as well as, or better than existing techniques. Conclusion: Zipf's law normalization is a useful tool where the Quantile method cannot be applied, as is the case with microarrays containing functionally specific gene sets ( boutique arrays). AUTHOR ADDRESS: S Schreiber, Univ Kiel, Dept Med, D-24098 Kiel, Germany From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Tue Apr 26 16:09:07 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Tue, 26 Apr 2005 16:09:07 -0400 Subject: Webster BM. "International presence and impact of the UK biomedical research, 1989-2000 ASLIB Proceedings 57(1):22-47, 2005 Message-ID: TITLE: International presence and impact of the UK biomedical research, 1989-2000 (Article, English) AUTHOR: Webster, BM SOURCE: ASLIB PROCEEDINGS 57 (1). 2005. p.22-47 EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LIMITED, BRADFORD ABSTRACT: Purpose - To map UK biomedical research by analysing biomedical publications from authors with UK institutional affiliation and indexed in Science Citation Index (SCI) and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). Design/methodology/approach - Bibliometric methods to assess the volume of research published, its impact and sources of funding of biomedical research in the UK are used. The analyses also include an examination of national and international collaboration, leading regions and institutions (by volume of output), types of research carried out and its potential impact factor. This was done for all of biomedicine and 32 selected sub-fields. The data used span 12 years, allowing changes and developments over time to be tracked. Findings - The UK's position as the second largest producer of biomedical research is under threat from Japan and Germany and other countries with traditionally weaker biomedical research base. Strength in malaria and asthma research and relative weakness in surgery and renal medicine is notable. The profile of UK biomedical research has changed significantly in the period analysed, with a doubling of the level of international collaboration, a significant increase in basic research papers and an increase in the potential impact of UK publications. A relative decrease of acknowledgement of UK Government funding was noted, as were increased acknowledgements to UK not-for-profit and international organisations. Practical implications - Bibliometric analyses can provide reliable tools in mapping the development of scholarly disciplines which can be of use, as demonstrated in this paper, in research policy, as well as in domain analysis in information science, library collection development or publishing. Originality/value - Apart from policy applications, bibliometric research of this type can provide valuable information about changes in the patterns of scholarly communication within a domain (areas of interest in sociology of science and information science) and inform collection development policies in libraries and information centres (by describing literatures: ageing and obsolescence, volume and impact). AUTHOR ADDRESS: BM Webster, Victoria Univ Wellington, Sch Informat Management, Wellington, New Zealand From eugene.garfield at THOMSON.COM Tue Apr 26 16:16:22 2005 From: eugene.garfield at THOMSON.COM (Eugene Garfield) Date: Tue, 26 Apr 2005 16:16:22 -0400 Subject: No subject Message-ID: A medical journal editor has made the following request: In the past I have written that the average number of co-authors per article in clinical research had reached 2 around 1955, and had been growing exponentially for the entire century. I was challenged to produce a graph. I seem to remember Derek de Solla Price having published just such a graph On the other hand, that was then, and I'd like something more modern. Do you have a good reference to such a figure. If you recall such published data especially for clinical research I will be glad to forward the information. Thanks in advance. Gene Garfield When responding, please attach my original message __________________________________________________ Eugene Garfield, PhD. email: garfield at codex.cis.upenn.edu home page: www.eugenegarfield.org Tel: 215-243-2205 Fax 215-387-1266 President, The Scientist LLC. www.the-scientist.com 400 Market Street, Suite 1250, Philadelphia, PA 19106-2501 Chairman Emeritus, ISI www.isinet.com 3501 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3302 Past President, American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T) www.asis.org -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Tue Apr 26 17:01:44 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Tue, 26 Apr 2005 17:01:44 -0400 Subject: Scientometrics 62(3) March 2005 - Interesting papers Message-ID: The following papers of interest appeared in the March 2005 issue of Scientometrics. Tibor Braun : e-mail: braun at mail.iif.hu TITLE: The counting of core journal gatekeepers as science indicators really counts. The scientific scope of action and strength of nations (Article, English) AUTHOR: Braun, T; Diospatonyi, I SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (3). MAR 2005. p.297-319 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT AUTHOR ADDRESS: T Braun, Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Res Policy Studies, ISSRU, POB 123, H-1443 Budapest, Hungary (IDS: 909RE 00001) ISSN: 0138-9130 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Leo Egghe : e-mail : leo.egghe at luc.ac.be TITLE: A characterization of the law of Lotka in terms of sampling (Article, English) AUTHOR: Egghe, L SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (3). MAR 2005. p.321-328 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: An incomplete bibliography (or, more generally, an incomplete Information Production Process (IPP)) can be considered as a sample from a complete one. Sampling can be done in the sources or in the items. The simplest sampling technique is the systematic one where every k(th) source or k(th) item is taken (alternatively: deleted) (k is an element of N). In this paper we give a definition of systematic sampling in items and sources in the framework of an IPP in which we have continuous variables. We prove the theorem that in such IPPs we have a Lotkaian size-frequency function (i.e. a decreasing power function) if and only if systematic sampling in sources is the same as systematic sampling in items. In this proof we use the well-known characterization of power functions as scale- free functions. AUTHOR ADDRESS: L Egghe, Limburgs Univ Ctr, Univ Campus, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium (IDS: 909RE 00002) ISSN: 0138-9130 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jesus Basulto Santos : e-mal : basulto at us.es TITLE: Modelling citation age data with right censoring (Article, English) AUTHOR: Santos, JB; Irizo, FJO SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (3). MAR 2005. p.329-342 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: in order to model the variable T (the age of citations received by scientific works) with data elaborated by the Institute of Scientific Information, we have used some of the instruments already developed in the survival models to this type of retrospective analyses in the presence of censored data. This analysis is used because, usually, the citations of ages greater than or equal to 10 years appear added together. For a set of journals related to the field of Applied Economics, we have explored which models fit better among those commonly used. Two different approaches to assess the goodness-of-fit for each selected model have been suggested: an analysis through graphical methods and a formal analysis to estimate the parameters of each model by the method of maximum likelihood estimation with data censored to the right. AUTHOR ADDRESS: JB Santos, Univ Sevilla, Fac Ciencias Econ & Empresariales, Dpto Econ Aplicada 1, Avad Ramon & Cajal 1, Seville 41018, Spain IDS: 909RE 00003) ISSN: 0138-9130 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jennifer Keiser : e-mail : jennifer.keiser at unibas.ch TITLE: Trends in the core literature on tropical medicine: A bibliometric analysis from 1952-2002 (Article, English) AUTHOR: Keiser, J; Utzinger, J SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (3). MAR 2005. p.351-365 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: The medical specialty of "tropical medicine" only dates back a little more than 100 years and, in the meantime, has gone through several quite distinctive eras. The aim of our study was to investigate trends that occurred in the leading literature on tropical medicine over the past 50 years. We analysed 2,802 original articles published in 1952, 1962, 1972, 1982, 1992 and 2002 in five of the high impact factor journals, namely (i) Acta Tropica, (ii) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, (iii) Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, (iv) Leprosy Review, and (v) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Authors' country affiliations were categorized according to the human development index 2003 (HDI), with stratification into low, medium and high HDI. We observed the following trends: First, there was a strong increase in the number of articles published from 250 in 1952 to 726 in 2002. Second, over the same time span, the median number of authors per article increased from I (four journals) or 2 (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene) to 2.5 (Leprosy Review) up to 6 (Acta Tropica and American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene). Third, research collaborations between countries of different HDI ranks increased concomitantly - in 2002, 19.4-43.7% of all manuscripts comprised authors from different HDI countries - indicating that tropical medicine has become a global endeavour. However, in four of the five journals investigated, the overall percentage of researchers affiliated with low HDI countries decreased over the past 50 years and only a slight positive trend can be observed over the last decade. Concluding, current roadblocks should be identified and programmes designed and implemented to enhance equity of publishing in tropical medicine. This in cum might be an important step forward to substantially reduce the current burden of tropical diseases, so that social and economic development in the tropics and subtropics can be advanced and poverty alleviated. AUTHOR ADDRESS: J Keiser, Swiss Trop Inst, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland (IDS: 909RE 00005) ISSN: 0138-9130 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mikhail Simkin - e-mail: simkin at ee.ucla.edu TITLE: Stochastic modeling of citation slips (Article, English) AUTHOR: Simkin, MV; Roychowdhury, VP SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (3). MAR 2005. p.367-384 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT SEARCH TERM(S): GARFIELD E rauth; PRICE DJD rauth; J INF SCI rwork; CITATION item_title; CITATION* item_title KEYWORDS+: ORTEGA HYPOTHESIS; NETWORKS; SCIENCE ABSTRACT: We present empirical data on frequency and pattern of misprints in citations to twelve high-profile papers. We find that the distribution of misprints, ranked by frequency of their repetition, follows Zipfs law. We propose a stochastic model of citation process, which explains these findings, and leads to the conclusion that about 70- 90% of scientific citations are copied from the lists of references used in other papers. AUTHOR ADDRESS: MV Simkin, Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA (IDS: 909RE 00006) ISSN: 0138-9130 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: Visualizing the intellectual structure in urban studies: A journal co-citation analysis (1992-2002) (Article, English) AUTHOR: Liu, Z SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (3). MAR 2005. p.385-402 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: This paper studied the intellectual structure of urban studies through a co-citation analysis of its thirty-eight representative journals from 1992 to 2002. Relevant journal co-citation data were retrieved from Social SciSearch, and were subjected to cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling, and factor analysis. A cluster-enhanced two- dimensional map was created, showing a noticeable subject variation along the horizontal axis depicting four clusters of journals differentiated into mainstream urban studies, regional science and urban economics, transportation, and real estate finance. The cluster of the mainstream urban studies journals revealed a higher degree of interdisciplinarity than other clusters. The four-factor solution, though not a perfect match for the cluster solution, demonstrated the interrelationships among the overlapping journals loaded high on different factors. The results also showed a strong negative correlation between the coordinates of the horizontal axis and the mean journal correlation coefficients reflecting the subject variation, and a less revealing positive correlation between the coordinates of the vertical axis and the mean journal correlation coefficients. AUTHOR ADDRESS: Z Liu, Texas A&M Univ, Sterling C Evans Lib, College Stn, TX 77843 USA (IDS: 909RE 00007) ISSN: 0138-9130 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE: The peripheral terrorism literature: Bringing it closer to the core (Article, English) AUTHOR: Gordon, A SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (3). MAR 2005. p.403-414 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: Core/periphery scientific communication is important for information transfer in terrorism literature. The mutual awareness between disciplinary journals contributors in the mainstream and those in the margins of the field enhances their social interaction. The usual case is that the mainstream of a discipline is visible through such indexes as the Web of Science (SCI) and the Journal Citation Report (JCR) the second of which assigns an impact factor to the most cited journals. In terrorism subject area, however, the reverse situation exists; only the peripheral journals in this field are indexed in JCR. From a scientific communication perspective, then, the core journals of terrorism writings are relatively invisible. This study attempts to identify the core and the periphery of journals dealing with terrorism, and suggests a way to bring them closer together. The assumption is that the quality and quantity of work in this field will increase as the distance between these two poles decreases. AUTHOR ADDRESS: A Gordon, POB 7571, IL-31074 Haifa, Israel From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Wed Apr 27 11:48:13 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 2005 11:48:13 -0400 Subject: Geisler E. "The measurement of scientific activity: Research directions in linking philosophy of science and metrics of science and technology outputs" Scientometrics 62(2):269-284, February 2005. Message-ID: E. Geisler : e-mail : geisler at mail.stuart.iit.edu Title: The measurement of scientific activity: Research directions in linking philosophy of science and metrics of science and technology outputs Author(s): Geisler E Source: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (2): 269-284 FEB 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 50 Times Cited: 0 Abstract: The application of the measurement of scientific and technical activities has been a lengthy process of the appropriate metrics and the assignment of the standards and benchmarks for their usage. Although some studies have addressed issues of the management of science and technology and their relation to scientometrics and infometrics, there is nevertheless a need to consider the linkages between the conceptual background of scientific generation and progress - and the measurement of its process and outcomes. This paper first reviews the three main approaches to the generation and progress of human knowledge in general and scientific activity in particular. These approaches are reviewed in terms of the demands they would make on the measurement of scientific process and outputs. The paper then examines the currently used categories of metrics, and arrives at several conclusions. The paper provides an analysis of these conclusions and their implications to the generation and utilization of metrics of science and its outcomes. The review of the conceptual or philosophical foundations for the measurement of science offers an in-depth examination, resulting in the correlation of these foundations with the metrics we now use to measure science and its outcomes. The paper suggests research directions for a much needed link between theories of science and knowledge, and the application of metrics used to measure them. Finally, the paper offers several hypotheses and proposes potential empirical studies. Addresses: Geisler E (reprint author), IIT, Stuart Grad Sch Business, 565 W Adams St, Chicago, IL 60661 USA IIT, Stuart Grad Sch Business, Chicago, IL 60661 USA E-mail Addresses: geisler at stuart.iit.edu Publisher: SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS Subject Category: COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS; INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE IDS Number: 898IF ISSN: 0138-9130 CITED REFERENCES : ARROW K, 1980, P OECD SCI TECHN IND BLACHOWITZ J, 1998, 2 MINDS NATURE INQUI BOUVIER A, 2002, PHILOS SOC SCI, V32, P51 BOZEMAN B, 1993, EVALUATING R D IMPAC BUNGE M, 2000, J SOCIOECONOMICS, V29, P147 BUNGE M, 2001, PHILOS SOC SCI, V31, P404 CAMPBELL DT, 1990, SOCIOL INQ, V60, P439 CAMPBELL DT, 1996, PSYCHOL ASSESSMENT, V8, P363 CARNAP R, 1995, INTRO PHILOS SCI CARNAP R, 1995, UNITY SCI CHEN C, 2003, MAPPING SCI FRONTIER CHEN CM, 2004, SCIENTOMETRICS, V59, P199 COOK T, 1979, QUASIEXPERIMENTATION DEWETT T, 2004, SCIENTOMETRICS, V60, P249 EGGHE L, 2004, SCIENTOMETRICS, V59, P233 ELSTER J, 1979, ULYSSES SIRENS STUDI FEYERABEND P, 2000, METHOD FREEMAN C, 1987, OUTPUT MEASUREMENT S GARFIELD E, 1978, METRIC SCI GEISLER E, 1994, TECHNOL FORECAST SOC, V47, P189 GEISLER E, 1995, INT J OPERATIONS QUA, V1, P145 GEISLER E, 1995, OMEGA-INT J MANAGE S, V23, P281 GEISLER E, 1999, METHODOLOGY THEORY K GEISLER E, 2000, METRICS SCI TECHNOLO GEISLER E, 2001, CREATING VALUE SCI T GEISLER E, 2001, J MANAGEMENT INQUIRY, V10 GEISLER E, 2002, INT J TECHNOL MANAGE, V24, P341 GEISLER E, 2004, UNPUB COMMERCIALIZIA GRILICHES Z, 1998, R D PRODUCTIVITY ECO HAUSER J, 1998, EUROPEAN MANAGEMENT, V16, P517 HAWKING S, 2002, SHOULDERS GIANTS HEISENBERG WK, 1958, PHYS PHILOS KNORRCETINA K, 1999, EPISTEMIC CULTURES S KOSTOFF R, 1997, HDB RES IMPACT ASSES KOSTOFF RN, 1999, TECHNOL ANAL STRATEG, V11, P493 KUHN T, 1996, STRUCTURE SCI REVOLU LAKATOS I, 1994, METHODOLOGY SCI RES LAKATOS I, 1999, PROOFS REFUTATIONS L MANSFIELD E, 1972, RES MANAGE, V15, P30 MCGINNIS R, 1978, SOC SOCIAL STUDIES S, V3, P14 POLLOCK J, 1999, CONT THEORY KNOWLEDG POPPER K, 1962, CONJECTURES REFUTATI POPPER K, 1995, OBJECTIVE KNOWLEDGE PRICE DJD, 1976, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V27, P292 SJOBERG G, 1968, METHODOLOGY SOCIAL R SWYGARTHOBAUGH AJ, 2004, LIBR COLLECT ACQUIS, V28, P180 THAGARD P, 1992, CONCEPTUAL REVOLUTIO THELWALL M, 2004, RES EVALUAT, V13, P63 VANRAAN AFJ, 2004, SCIENTOMETRICS, V59, P467 WERNER BM, 1997, RES TECHNOL MANAGE, V40, P34 From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Thu Apr 28 15:08:52 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Thu, 28 Apr 2005 15:08:52 -0400 Subject: Wilgus, ML; Adcock, PA; Takashima, A "Volume, trend and citation analyses of skin related publications from 1966 to 2003" Journal of Dermatological Science 37(3):125-136, March 2005. Message-ID: A. Takashima : e-mail : Akira.Takashima at UTSouthwestern.edu TITLE: Volume, trend and citation analyses of skin related publications from 1966 to 2003 (Review, English) AUTHOR: Wilgus, ML; Adcock, PA; Takashima, A SOURCE: JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGICAL SCIENCE 37 (3). MAR 2005. p.125-136 ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD, CLARE ABSTRACT: Research activities in the field of dermatology and skin biology have markedly improved our understanding of the physiology of skin and pathogenic mechanisms of cutaneous diseases. To evaluate the progress of such activities in a retrospective manner, we extracted more than 250,000 skin-related publications between 1966 and 2002 from the MEDLINE database and categorized them on the basis of the topics and experimental approaches. We observed that the annual number of publications in skin research had increased comparably with publications in lung or kidney research, and we identified several notable changes in research trends. To assess the impact of skin research on the biomedical community as a whole, we extracted from the PubMed database in excess of 3200 skin-related articles published between 1975 and 2003 in 19 highly ranked journals with impact factors greater than 10.0. Interestingly, two major research areas, immunology and cancer, appeared to dominate both clinical and basic science articles published in those top tier journals. >From this collection of publications, we generated a list of the top 101 skin-related articles based on the citation numbers. Not only does our survey highlight past accomplishments, it also provides an important clue for predicting the future direction of skin research. (c) 2004 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Addresses: Takashima A (reprint author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Dermatol, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390 USA Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Dermatol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA E-mail Addresses: Akira.Takashima at UTSouthwestern.edu CITED REFERENCES : 1989, J INVEST DERMATOL, V92, S142 CALLAHAM M, 2002, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V287, P2847 DUBIN D, 1993, ARCH DERMATOL, V129, P1121 DUBIN DB, 1996, ARCH DERMATOL, V132, P1293 STERN RS, 1999, ARCH DERMATOL, V135, P299 From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Thu Apr 28 16:39:07 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Thu, 28 Apr 2005 16:39:07 -0400 Subject: Scientometrics 62(1), January AND February 2005 issues Interesting papes by Weingart,, Van Raan, Wagner-Dobler, Bayers, Sommer, Wang, Kostoff, Pouris, Hassan, Moin, He, Kademani, Geilser, Somogyi, and Xekalaki Message-ID: E-mail Addresses: weingart at uni-bielefeld.de TITLE: Impact of bibliometrics upon the science system: Inadvertent consequences? (Article, English) AUTHOR: Weingart, P SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (1). JAN 2005. p.117-131 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: The introduction of bibliometric (and other) ranking is an answer to legitimation pressures on the higher education and research system. After years of hesitation by scientists, science administrators and even politicians in many of the industrialized countries, the implementation of bibliometrics based (and other types of) rankings for institutions of higher education and research is now being introduced on a full scale. What used to be an irritation to the parties concerned has suddenly become a fad. In contrast to this rather sudden enthusiasm, there is very little reflection on the impacts of this practice on the system itself. So far empirical data on the impact of bibliometric rankings seem to be available only for two cases: Australia and the British research assessment exercise (RA-E). Thus, the actual steering effects of bibliometric rankings, the reactions of the system are largely unknown. Rankings are in urgent demand by politics. The intended effect is to create competition among institutions of higher learning and research and thereby to increase their efficiency. The rankings are supposed to identify excellence in these institutions and among researchers. Unintended effects may be 'oversteering', either by forcing less competitive institutions to be closed down or by creating oligopolies whose once achieved position of supremacy cannot be challenged anymore by competitors. On the individual level the emergence of a kind of 'chart' of highly cited stars in science can already be observed (ISI HighlyCited.com). With the spread of rankings the business administration paradigm and culture is diffused through the academic system. The commercialization of ranking is most pronounced in the dependence of the entire practice on commercial providers of the pertinent data. As products like IST's Essential Science Indicators become available, their use in the context of evaluation tasks is increasing rapidly. The future of the higher education and research system rests on two pillars: traditional peer review and ranking. The goal must be to have a system of informed peer review which combines the two. However, the politicized use of numbers (citations, impact factors, funding etc.) appears unavoidable. AUTHOR ADDRESS: P Weingart, Univ Bielefeld, Inst Sci & Technol Studies, POB 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany ADAM D, 2002, NATURE, V415, P726 BAKANIC V, 1989, SOCIOL QUART, V30, P639 BRAUN T, 2000, WEB KNOWLEDGE FESTSC, P251 BUTLER L, 2003, RES EVALUAT, V17, P39 CASE DO, 2000, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V51, P635 CICHETTI DV, 1991, BEHAV BRAIN SCI, V14, P119 CICHETTI DV, 1991, BEHAV BRAIN SCI, V14, P135 COLE S, 1981, SCIENCE, V214, P881 CRONIN B, 2000, J DOC, V56, P440 FELLER I, 2002, RES EVALUAT, V11, P95 GARFIELD E, 1997, BRIT MED J, V314, P1765 GLASER J, 2002, IMPACT EVALUATION BA HIRSCHAUER S, 2002, EXPERTISE THEMA INNE JIMENEZCONTRERAS E, 2003, RES POLICY, V32, P123 LAWRENCE PA, 2002, NATURE, V415, P835 LAWRENCE PA, 2003, NATURE, V422, P259 MARGINSON S, 2000, ENTERPRISE U POWER G MARTIN BR, 1983, RES POLICY, V12, P61 MULLER S, 2003, DTSCH UNIVERSITATSZE, V21, P10 ROBERTS G, 2003, GUARDIAN 0107 ROESSNER JD, 2002, RES EVALUAT, V11, P85 SMALL H, 1998, SCIENTOMETRICS, V43, P143 SMITH R, 1997, BRIT MED J, V314, P463 VANRAAN AFJ, 1996, SCIENTOMETRICS, V36, P423 VANRAAN AFJ, 1998, SCIENTOMETRICS, V43, P129 WEINGART P, 1993, BILD WISSENSCHAFT, V5, P32 WEINGART P, 2001, STUNDE WAHRHEIT VERH WILLIAMS N, 1997, SCIENCE, V275, P18 ZITT M, 2003, SCIENTOMETRICS, V56, P259 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-mail Addresses: vanraan at cwts.leidenuniv.nl TITLE: Fatal attraction: Conceptual and methodological problems in the ranking of universities by bibliometric methods (Article, English) AUTHOR: Van Raan, AFJ SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (1). JAN 2005. p.133-143 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: Ranking of research institutions by bibliometric methods is an improper tool for research performance evaluation, even at the level of large institutions. The problem, however, is not the ranking as such. The indicators used for ranking are often not advanced enough, and this situation is part of the broader problem of the application of insufficiently developed bibliometric indicators used by persons who do not have clear competence and experience in the field of quantitative studies of science. After a brief overview of the basic elements of bibliometric analysis, I discuss the major technical and methodological problems in the application of publication and citation data in the context of evaluation. Then I contend that the core of the problem ties not necessarily at the side of the data producer. Quite often persons responsible for research performance evaluation, for instance scientists themselves in their role as head of institutions and departments, science administrators at the government level and other policy makers show an attitude that encourages,quick and dirty' bibliometric analyses whereas better quality is available. Finally, the necessary conditions for a successful application of advanced bibliometric indicators as support tool for peer review are discussed. AUTHOR ADDRESS: AFJ Van Raan, Leiden Univ, Ctr Sci & Technol Studies, Wassenaarseweg 52,POB 9555, NL-2300 RB Leiden, Netherlands *SJTU, 2003, RANK METH *VSNU, 2002, QUAL ASS RES CHEM CH ADAM D, 2002, NATURE, V415, P726 BROOKS TA, 1986, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V37, P34 GLANZEL W, 1996, SCIENTOMETRICS, V35, P291 GRUPP H, 2001, SCIENTOMETRICS, V51, P359 HICKS D, 1999, SCIENTOMETRICS, V44, P193 HORROBIN DF, 1990, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V263, P1438 MACROBERTS MH, 1988, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V39, P432 MACROBERTS MH, 1996, SCIENTOMETRICS, V36, P435 MAY RM, 1997, SCIENCE, V275, P793 MOED HF, 1995, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V46, P461 MOED HF, 1995, SCIENTOMETRICS, V33, P381 MOED HF, 1996, NATURE, V381, P186 MOED HF, 2002, NATURE, V415, P731 MOXHAM H, 1992, SCI TECHNOLOGY POLIC, P7 NEDERHOF AJ, 1988, HDB QUANTITATIVE STU, P193 RINIA EJ, 1998, RES POLICY, V27, P95 VANLEEUWEN TN, 2001, SCIENTOMETRICS, V51, P335 VANRAAN AFJ, 1996, SCIENTOMETRICS, V36, P397 VANRAAN AFJ, 1998, SCIENTOMETRICS, V43, P129 VANRAAN AFJ, 2000, WEB KNOWLEDGE FESTSC, P301 VANRAAN AFJ, 2001, COPOCT200100001 EUR VANRAAN AFJ, 2002, RES POLICY, V31, P611 VINKLER P, 1998, SCIENTOMETRICS, V43, P107 WEINGART P, 2003, BIBLIOMETRIC ANAL SC, P7 WEINGART P, 2004, HDB QUANTITATIVE SCI WOUTERS PF, 1999, THESIS U AMSTERDAM -------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-mail Addresses: rfw-d at t-online.de TITLE: The system of research and development indicators: Entry points for information agents (Article, English) AUTHOR: Wagner-Dobler, R SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (1). JAN 2005. p.145-153 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: A system of input, output, and efficiency indicators is sketched out, with each indicator related to basic research, applied research, and experimental development. Mainly, this scheme is inspired by empirical innovation economics (represented in Germany, e.g., by H. Grupp) and by "advanced bibliometrics" and scientometrics (profiled by van Raan and others). After considering strengths and weaknesses of some of the indicators, possible additional "entry points" for institutions of information delivery are examined, such contributing to an enrichment of existing indicators. And to a "Nationalokonomik des Geistes", requested from librarians in the twenties of the last century by A. von Harnack. AUTHOR ADDRESS: R Wagner-Dobler, Univ Augsburg, Inst Philosophie, Univ Str 10, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany Cited References : *ARB PROSP FORSCH, 1998, PIL PROSP FORSCH ANH DILTHEY W, 1933, EINLEITUNG GEISTESWI, P115 GEISLER E, 2000, METRICS SCI TECHNOLO GRUPP H, 1987, TECHNOMETRIE BEMESSU GRUPP H, 1992, WISSENSCHAFTSBINDUNG GRUPP H, 1998, MESSUNG ERKLARUNG TE OSER E, 1976, ERKENNTNIS INFORMATI, V2 OSER E, 1976, WISSENSCHAFT INFORMA, V1 PFEIFFER W, 1971, ALLGEMEINE THEORIE T RESCHER N, 1989, COGNITIVE EC EC DIME VANRAAN AFJ, 1997, SCIENTOMETRICS, V36, P396 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-mail Addresses: Nancy.bayers at thomson.com TITLE: Using ISI data in the analysis of German national and institutional research output (Article, English) AUTHOR: Bayers, NK SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (1). JAN 2005. p.155-163 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the Thomson ISI Research Services Group approaches to analyzing the world research environment, particularly in terms of comparing research performance among nations and institutions. This discussion concentrates on the recent research environment -1998- 2002- beginning first with comparisons among selected nations overall, in terms of publications-an indicator of research output and productivity; and citations-an indicator of research impact and influence. The second part addresses the German research landscape and concludes with an analysis of the contributions of specific German institutions to Germanys' research performance. AUTHOR ADDRESS: NK Bayers, Thomson ISI, Res Serv Grp, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA -------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-mail Addresses: sommer at volkswagenstiftung.de TITLE: Bibliometric analysis and private research funding (Article, English) AUTHOR: Sommer, S SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (1). JAN 2005. p.165-171 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: This paper outlines how private institutions and particularly foundations contribute to the furtherance of higher education and research, and it depicts what role bibliometric analysis can or cannot play in foundations' private research funding and in the process of strategic realignment under financial constraints. AUTHOR ADDRESS: S Sommer, VolkswagenStiftung, Kastanjenallee 35, D-30519 Hannover, Germany CITED REFERENCES : *BUND DTSCH STIFT, 2000, ZAHL DAT FAKT DTSCH CAMERON K, 1999, DIAGNOSING CHANGING DRAPER L, 2002, FDN NEWS COMMENT NOV, P32 FELLER I, 2002, RES EVALUAT, V11, P96 HARTNELL C, 2003, ALLIANCE, V8 KRULL W, 2000, PRACTISING INTERDISC, P260 PORTER M, 1999, HARVARD BUSINESS NOV, P121 POWER M, 1997, AUDIT SOC RITUALS VE WAGNER C, 1995, RAND WORKSH METR FUN WILLMSHOFF I, 2003, SCI EV INN C PEER RE, V6, P101 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-mail Addresses: wangyan at istic.ac.cn TITLE: Scientific collaboration in China as reflected in co- authorship (Article, English) AUTHOR: Wang, Y; Wu, YS; Pan, YT; Ma, Z; Rousseau, R SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (2). FEB 2005. p.183-198 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: Co-authorship patterns derived from 1997-2001 data in the CSTPC Database (Chinese Science and Technology Papers and Citations Database) are analyzed to show the status of science and technology collaboration in China. Four different collaborative types, namely papers co-authored by the authors in the same institution (SI), in different institution located in the same region (SR), in different regions (DR) of China, and in different countries or regions of the world (DC) are discussed, The regional and subject distributions of co-authored papers as well as the general status of collaboration in science and technology in China are studied. It is concluded that, for all four collaborative types, collaboration in science and technology has increased in China. Different regions have different collaborative patterns corresponding to economic, technological and scientific development levels. Differences in collaborative patterns in terms of subjects are explained by different characteristics of the subjects themselves. AUTHOR ADDRESS: Y Wang, Inst Sci & Tech Informat China, 15 Fuxing Rd, Beijing 100038, Peoples R China -------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-mail Addresses: kostofr at onr.navy.mil TITLE: CAB: Citation-assisted background (Article, English) AUTHOR: Kostoff, RN; Shlesinger, MF SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (2). FEB 2005. p.199-212 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: A chronically weak area in research papers, reports, and reviews is the complete identification of background documents that formed the building blocks for these papers. A method for systematically determining these seminal references is presented. Citation-Assisted Background (CAB) is based on the assumption that seminal documents tend to be highly cited. CAB is being applied presently to three applications studies, and the results so far are much superior to those used by the first author for background development in any other study. An example of the application of CAB to the field of Nonlinear Dynamics is outlined. While CAB is a highly systematic approach for identifying seminal references, it is not a substitute for the judgement of the researchers, and serves as a supplement. AUTHOR ADDRESS: RN Kostoff, Off Naval Res, 800 N Quincy St, Arlington, VA 22217 USA CITED REFERENCES : CALNE DB, 1992, LANCET, V340, P244 DELLAMEA V, 2004, J AM SOC INF SCI TEC, V55, P530 FENTON JE, 2000, CLIN OTOLARYNGOL, V25, P40 GOSLING CM, 2004, MANUAL THER, V9, P36 HARTER SP, 1997, ANNU REV INFORM SCI, V32, P3 KAGOLOVSKY Y, IN PRESS J MED SCI KAGOLOVSKY Y, 2004, J MED SYST, V28, P103 KANTOR PB, 1994, ANNU REV INFORM SCI, V29, P53 KHAN MS, 2004, J AM SOC INF SCI TEC, V55, P29 KOSTOFF RN, 2004, INT J BIFURCAT CHAOS, V14, P61 LEE SY, 1999, INT J DERMATOL, V38, P357 LIU SX, 1993, ACTA CRYSTALLOGR C, V49, P4 MACROBERTS M, 1996, SCIENTOMETRICS, V36, P3 MACROBERTS MH, 1989, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V40, P342 MACROBERTS MH, 1997, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V48, P274 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1975, SOC STUD SCI, V5, P86 PUTTERMAN C, 1991, ISRAEL J MED SCI, V27, P109 SHADISH WR, 1995, SOC STUD SCI, V25, P477 SMITH AJ, 1997, CAN J ANAESTH, V44, P9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-mail Addresses: anastassios.pouris at up.ac.za TITLE: An assessment of the impact and visibility of South African journals (Article, English) AUTHOR: Pouris, A SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (2). FEB 2005. p.213-222 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: The assessment of scientific journals is of particular interest to South Africa's higher education institutions as their research is partly funded according to the number of publications of their members of staff. This article has two objectives. The first one is to identify the effects of the government's withdrawal of financial support on these journals' impact factors. The second objective is to provide an assessment of the visibility of the South African journals indexed in the Journal Citation Report (JCR) of the 2002. The findings indicate that the termination of the government interference in the affairs of the journals had on average a beneficial effect on the impact factors of the journals. South Africa is found to have a good representation in the JCR, similar or better to that of the scientifically small countries in Europe, and represents approximately 90% of the African continent journals in the JCR. ne visible scientific disciplines are identified and the journals are assessed according to their impact factors, to the impact factors of journals citing them, and the self-citing and self-cited rates. AUTHOR ADDRESS: A Pouris, Univ Pretoria, Inst Technol Innovat, Engn 2 Bldg,Main Campus, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa CITED REFERENCES : BENITEZBRIBIESCA L, 2002, ARCH MED RES, V33, P91 COELHO PMZ, 2003, BRAZ J MED BIOL RES, V36, P1605 GARFIELD E, 1974, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V2, P192 GILLENSON ML, 1991, MIS QUART, V15, P447 GLANZEL W, 2002, SCIENTOMETRICS, V53, P171 POURIS A, 1986, S AFR J SCI, V82, P401 POURIS A, 2003, S AFR J SCI, V99, P425 REN SL, 2002, SCIENTOMETRICS, V53, P389 UGOLINI D, 2003, SCIENTOMETRICS, V56, P345 ZHOU DN, 2002, FUZZY SET SYST, V131, P63 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-mail Addresses: emmanuel.hassan at cec.eu.int TITLE: The evolution of the knowledge structure of fuel cells (Article, English) AUTHOR: Hassan, E SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (2). FEB 2005. p.223-238 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: Recognizing the critical role played by science and technology in the development of fuel cells, this article aims to characterize the evolution of the S&T knowledge bases of fuel cells over the nineties, using data on patents and scientific publications. The field of fuel cells is particularly heterogeneous. It covers diverse sub- fields that are marked by idiosyncratic characteristics (e.g. actors, demand, and input) and different historical developments. Although this heterogeneity of the field of fuel cells is reflected in the dynamics of S&T knowledge generation within and across its sub-fields too, this article shows that it does not entail the absence of cognitive interrelations between their S&T knowledge bases. For that purpose, the article uses "simultaneous mapping" approach of their S&T knowledge bases by means of textual analysis. AUTHOR ADDRESS: E Hassan, Commiss European Communities, Directorate Gen Res, SDME 9-55, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium CITED REFERENCES : CR *EUR COMM, 2003, EUR FUEL CELL HYDR P *EUR COMM, 2003, HYDR EN FUEL CELLS *FUELS CELLS CAN P, 2002, FUEL CELLS OPP CAN *IND CAN FUELS CEL, 2003, CAN FUEL CELLS COMM *IPTS, 2003, FUEL CELLS IMP CONS *US DEP EN, 2002, NAT HYDR EN ROADM *US DEP EN, 2003, FUEL CELL REP C ALLEAU T, 2003, EC DYNAMICS FUEL CEL AMESSE F, 2003, EC DYNAMICS FUEL CEL AVADIKYAN A, 2003, EC DYNAMICS FUEL CEL BOURGEOIS B, 2003, EC DYNAMICS FUEL CEL BROOKS H, 1994, RES POLICY, V23, P477 BRUSINO S, 2001, SPRU ELECT WORKING S, V69 CALLON M, 1983, SOC SCI INFORM, V22, P191 CALLON M, 1999, RESEAUX COORDINATION CARPENTER MP, 1980, RES MANAGE, V23, P30 DAVID P, 1995, SCI TECHNOLOGY IND R, V16, P13 DAVID PA, 1992, EC INNOVATION NEW TE, V2, P73 ENGLESMAN E, 1991, 15 CWTS FORAY D, 2004, EC KNOWLEDGE GRILICHES Z, 1995, HDB EC INNOVATION TE GRUPP H, 1992, DYNAMICS SCI BASED I GRUPP H, 1996, J EVOL ECON, V6, P175 HASSAN E, 2003, J AM SOC INF SCI TEC, V54, P462 JAFFE AB, 1989, AM ECON REV, V79, P957 KODOMA F, 1992, HARVARD BUSINESS JUL, P70 LEBART L, 1997, STAT EXPLORATOIRE MU MACHLUP F, 1984, KNOWLEDGE ITS CREATI, V3 MANSFIELD E, 1995, REV ECON STAT, V77, P55 MARKANTONATOS P, 2003, EC DYNAMICS FUEL CEL MEAKIN I, 2001, RENEWABLE ENERGY FUE MEAKIN I, 2003, FUEL CELL DEV JAPAN MEYER M, 2000, RES POLICY, V29, P409 MIMA S, 2003, EC DYNAMICS FUEL CEL NARIN F, 1985, SCIENTOMETRICS, V7, P369 NARIN F, 1988, SCI INDICATORS THEIR NARIN F, 1997, RES POLICY, V26, P317 NOYONS E, 1999, BIBLIOMETRIC MAPPING NOYONS ECM, 1994, SCIENTOMETRICS, V30, P157 PRICE DDS, 1963, LITTLE SCI BIG SCI SALTER AJ, 2001, RES POLICY, V30, P509 SCHAEFFER G, 1998, FUEL CELLS FUTURE CO SCOTCHMER S, 1991, J ECON PERSPECT, V5, P29 SHIRAI T, 2000, GOVT POLICY DEV POLY TIJSSEN R, 1992, CARTOGRAPHY SCI TIJSSEN R, 2003, 3 EUROPEAN REPORT SC TIJSSEN RJW, 1997, RES POLICY, V25, P1277 TRAJTENBERG M, 1990, RAND J ECON, V21, P172 VANRAAN A, 1992, RES EVALUAT, V2, P103 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-mail Addresses: mahmoodi_maryam at yahoo.com TITLE: Scientific output of Iran at the threshold of the 21st century (Article, English) AUTHOR: Moin, M; Mahmoudi, M; Rezaei, N SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (2). FEB 2005. p.239-248 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: This study evaluates the scientific output of Iran over the past two decades. The information has been extracted by searching ISI in December 2003. Science production in Iran has been reviewed (1967- 2003) and compared with 15 countries in the year 2000. During these years Iran's relative share in the scientific output in the world increased from 0.0003% in 1970 to 0.29% in 2003. Comparing the ratio of science output to GNP, Iran stands on thirteenth place among 16 countries in the year 2000. ne present article discusses that Iran has had an increasing growth in presenting articles after the Iraq-Iran war, which marks the period of stability and development. AUTHOR ADDRESS: M Moin, Tehran Univ Med Sci, IAARI, Childrens Med Ctr, 62 Gharib St,Keshavarz Blvd,POB 14185-863, Tehran 14194, Iran cITED rEFERENCES : 1997, SCI WATCH, V8, P1 *ISI, 2002, SCI CIT IND SOC SCI ANN M, 1998, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V280, P246 BLICKENSTAFF J, 1982, SCIENTOMETRICS, V4, P135 DAVIS M, 2003, CLIN EXP OPHTHALMOL, V31, P286 ENSAFI S, 2003, IRAN KNOWLEDGE IRANI FIGUEREDO E, 2003, ACTA ANAESTH SCAND, V47, P378 GALLAGHER EJ, 1998, ANN EMERG MED, V31, P83 GARFIELD E, 1972, SCIENCE, V178, P471 GRAVES PE, 1982, AM ECON REV, V72, P1131 HANSSON S, 1995, LANCET, V346, P906 HART PW, 1998, SCIENTOMETRICS, V42, P299 KALAITZIDAKIS P, 1999, EUR ECON REV, V43, P1150 KOENING R, 2000, SCIENCE, V290, P1453 MALEKZADEH R, 2002, SCI TECHNOLOGY IRAN, P139 MELY B, 1998, SCIENTOMETRICS, V42, P3 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1976, SCI DEV BUILDING SCI OKUBO Y, 1998, SCIENTOMETRICS, V41, P273 OVAL M, 1997, INT J FORECASTING, V13, P527 QUESADAALLUE LA, 1995, SCIENTOMETRICS, V34, P27 RAHMAN M, 2001, J EPIDEMIOL, V11, P46 RAHMAN M, 2002, NEW ENGL J MED, V341, P1121 RAHMAN M, 2003, INT J UROL, V19, P353 ROBU L, 2001, HLTH INFORMATION LIB, V18, P91 SCHOONBAERT D, 1996, TROP MED INT HEALTH, V1, P739 SEGLEN PO, 1997, BRIT MED J, V314, P498 SIMS JL, 2003, CLIN EXP OPHTHALMOL, V31, P14 UZUN A, 1996, SCIENTOMETRICS, V36, P259 WEISINGER JR, 1999, KIDNEY INT, V56, P1564 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-mail Addresses: tenglirong at mail.jlu.edu.cn TITLE: Basic research in biochemistry and molecular biology in China: A bibliometric analysis (Article, English) AUTHOR: He, TW; Zhang, JL; Teng, LR SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (2). FEB 2005. p.249-259 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: Using the method of bibliometrics, a 1999-2002 biochemistry and molecular biology database was constructed for China from the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-Expanded). Based on this database, the author quantitatively analyzed the current research activity in biochemistry and molecular biology in China. Results show that almost half the publications were published in Chinese journals. The percentage of articles published by Chinese authors in the total articles from the world is increasing. The number of articles published in high influence journals is continuously increasing. The research outputs are mainly located in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong. The sites of the China Science Academy and National Universities are the important locations for these studies. The collaboration rate of Chinese output is low as compared to results from other countries. USA and Japan are the main international collaborating countries. AUTHOR ADDRESS: LR Teng, Jilin Univ, Coll Life Sci, 123 Jiefang Rd, Changchun 130021, Peoples R China CITED REFERENCES: *ISTIC, 1989, ANN RES REP CHIN SCI *NAT SCI BOARD, SCI ENG IND 200I BERGHE HVD, 1998, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V49, P59 BRAUN T, 1989, SCIENTOMETRIC INDICA GLANZEL W, 2000, SCIENTOMETRICS, V48, P121 GLANZEL W, 2002, SCIENTOMETRICS, V55, P335 GUO Y, 2002, CHINESE J MED LIB IN, V11, P53 HERBERTZ H, 1995, RES POLICY, V24, P959 JIN B, 1998, SCI RES MANAGEMENT, V19, P73 JIN BH, 1999, SCIENTOMETRICS, V45, P325 JIN BH, 2002, SCIENTOMETRICS, V54, P145 KATZ JS, 1997, RES POLICY, V26, P1 LEE CK, 2003, SCIENTOMETRICS, V56, P95 LIANG LM, 2001, RES EVALUAT, V10, P105 LIU Y, 2001, J MANAGEMENT SCI CHI, V4, P64 MATTHIESSEN CW, 1999, URBAN STUD, V36, P453 MAY RM, 1997, SCIENCE, V275, P793 MOED HF, 2002, SCIENTOMETRICS, V53, P281 SCHUBERT A, 1989, SCIENTOMETRICS, V16, P3 TSOU C, 1996, PROGR PHYSL SCI, V27, P5 TSOU CL, 1995, TRENDS BIOCHEM SCI, V20, P289 XU W, 2003, SCIENTOMETRICS, V57, P399 ZHANG HQ, 1995, J CHINA SOC SCI TECH, V14, P234 ZHANG HQ, 1997, INFORM PROCESS MANAG, V33, P81 ZHANG Y, 2002, WORLD SCI TECH R D, V24, P49 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-mail Addresses: bsk at magnum.barc.ernet.in TITLE: Nobel laureates: Their publication productivity, collaboration and authorship status (Article, English) AUTHOR: Kademani, BS; Kalyane, VL; Kumar, V; Mohan, L SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (2). FEB 2005. p.261-268 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: This paper attempts to highlight the scientific productivity, productivity age, collaboration trend, domains of contributions of eight Nobel laureates of past and present belonging to different domains of research in science. Also attempts to document the various factors that affect productivity of scientists. No Nobel laureates can be compared with other Nobel laureates as they are an altogether different class of scientific elites and each piece of research is unique by itself. AUTHOR ADDRESS: BS Kademani, Bhabha Atom Res Ctr, Sci Informat Resource Div, Bombay 400085, Maharashtra, India CITED REFERENCES: BRITTAIN JM, 2000, J INFORM SCI, V26, P267 CAWKELL AE, 1980, EINSTEIN 1ST HUNDRED, P31 GUPTA DK, 1983, ANN LIB SCI DOCUMENT, V30, P177 HORVITZ LA, 2002, EUREKA SCI BREAKTHRO KADEMANI BS, 1994, INDIAN J INFORMATION, V7, P215 KADEMANI BS, 1994, LIB SCI SLANT DOCUME, V31, P155 KADEMANI BS, 1996, INDIAN J INFORMATION, V9, P125 KADEMANI BS, 1996, JISSI INT J SCIENTOM, V2, P119 KADEMANI BS, 1996, JISSI INT J SCIENTOM, V2, P49 KADEMANI BS, 1996, MALAYSIAN J LIB INFO, V1, P21 KADEMANI BS, 1998, KELPRO B, V2, P13 KADEMANI BS, 1999, SCIENTOMETRICS, V45, P233 KADEMANI BS, 2000, SRELS J INFORMATION, V37, P107 KADEMANI BS, 2001, MALAYSIAN J LIB INFO, V6, P53 KADEMANI BS, 2002, SCIENTOMETRICS, V53, P113 KADEMANI BS, 2002, SRELS J INFORMATION, V39, P409 KALYANE L, 2001, ILA B, V37, P39 KALYANE VL, 1993, J INFORM SCI, V4, P25 KALYANE VL, 1994, LIB SCI DOCUMENTATIO, V31, P31 KALYANE VL, 1994, NEW HORIZONS LIB INF, P475 KALYANE VL, 1995, J INFORM SCI, V5, P101 KALYANE VL, 1995, LUCKNOW LIB, V27, P42 KALYANE VL, 1995, NEW VISTAS LIB INFOR, P565 KALYANE VL, 1995, SCIENTOMETRICS, V33, P233 KALYANE VL, 1996, MALAYSIAN J LIB INFO, V1, P13 KALYANE VL, 1997, KELPRO B S, V1, P3 KALYANE VL, 1998, MALAYSIAN J LIB INFO, V3, P25 KALYANE VL, 2003, ANN LIB INFORMATION, V50, P47 KOGANURAMATH MM, IN PRESS SCIENTOMETR KRAGH H, 1990, DIRAC SCI BIOGRAPHY, P293 LOEHLE C, 1990, BIOSCIENCE, V40, P123 MABE MA, 2002, ASLIB PROC, V54, P149 RUSTHON P, 2001, PERSONALITY INDIVIDU, V31, P17 SEN SK, 1990, INT FORUM INFORM DOC, V15, P13 SHOCKLEY W, 1975, P IRE MAR, P279 SUBRAMANYAM K, 1983, J INFORM SCI, V6, P33 SZAVAKOVATS E, 1994, J INF SCI, V20, P55 WECHSLER J, 1988, AESTHETICS SCI ZUCKERMAN H, 1967, AM SOCIOL REV, V32, P391 ZUCKERMAN H, 1967, SCI AM, V217, P25 ZUCKERMAN H, 1977, SCI ELITE NOBAL LAUR -------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-mail Addresses: geisler at stuart.iit.edu TITLE: The measurement of scientific activity: Research directions in linking philosophy of science and metrics of science and technology outputs (Article, English) AUTHOR: Geisler, E SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (2). FEB 2005. p.269-284 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: The application of the measurement of scientific and technical activities has been a lengthy process of the appropriate metrics and the assignment of the standards and benchmarks for their usage. Although some studies have addressed issues of the management of science and technology and their relation to scientometrics and infometrics, there is nevertheless a need to consider the linkages between the conceptual background of scientific generation and progress - and the measurement of its process and outcomes. This paper first reviews the three main approaches to the generation and progress of human knowledge in general and scientific activity in particular. These approaches are reviewed in terms of the demands they would make on the measurement of scientific process and outputs. The paper then examines the currently used categories of metrics, and arrives at several conclusions. The paper provides an analysis of these conclusions and their implications to the generation and utilization of metrics of science and its outcomes. The review of the conceptual or philosophical foundations for the measurement of science offers an in- depth examination, resulting in the correlation of these foundations with the metrics we now use to measure science and its outcomes. The paper suggests research directions for a much needed link between theories of science and knowledge, and the application of metrics used to measure them. Finally, the paper offers several hypotheses and proposes potential empirical studies. AUTHOR ADDRESS: E Geisler, IIT, Stuart Grad Sch Business, 565 W Adams St, Chicago, IL 60661 USA CITED REFERENCES: ARROW K, 1980, P OECD SCI TECHN IND BLACHOWITZ J, 1998, 2 MINDS NATURE INQUI BOUVIER A, 2002, PHILOS SOC SCI, V32, P51 BOZEMAN B, 1993, EVALUATING R D IMPAC BUNGE M, 2000, J SOCIOECONOMICS, V29, P147 BUNGE M, 2001, PHILOS SOC SCI, V31, P404 CAMPBELL DT, 1990, SOCIOL INQ, V60, P439 CAMPBELL DT, 1996, PSYCHOL ASSESSMENT, V8, P363 CARNAP R, 1995, INTRO PHILOS SCI CARNAP R, 1995, UNITY SCI CHEN C, 2003, MAPPING SCI FRONTIER CHEN CM, 2004, SCIENTOMETRICS, V59, P199 COOK T, 1979, QUASIEXPERIMENTATION DEWETT T, 2004, SCIENTOMETRICS, V60, P249 EGGHE L, 2004, SCIENTOMETRICS, V59, P233 ELSTER J, 1979, ULYSSES SIRENS STUDI FEYERABEND P, 2000, METHOD FREEMAN C, 1987, OUTPUT MEASUREMENT S GARFIELD E, 1978, METRIC SCI GEISLER E, 1994, TECHNOL FORECAST SOC, V47, P189 GEISLER E, 1995, INT J OPERATIONS QUA, V1, P145 GEISLER E, 1995, OMEGA-INT J MANAGE S, V23, P281 GEISLER E, 1999, METHODOLOGY THEORY K GEISLER E, 2000, METRICS SCI TECHNOLO GEISLER E, 2001, CREATING VALUE SCI T GEISLER E, 2001, J MANAGEMENT INQUIRY, V10 GEISLER E, 2002, INT J TECHNOL MANAGE, V24, P341 GEISLER E, 2004, UNPUB COMMERCIALIZIA GRILICHES Z, 1998, R D PRODUCTIVITY ECO HAUSER J, 1998, EUROPEAN MANAGEMENT, V16, P517 HAWKING S, 2002, SHOULDERS GIANTS HEISENBERG WK, 1958, PHYS PHILOS KNORRCETINA K, 1999, EPISTEMIC CULTURES S KOSTOFF R, 1997, HDB RES IMPACT ASSES KOSTOFF RN, 1999, TECHNOL ANAL STRATEG, V11, P493 KUHN T, 1996, STRUCTURE SCI REVOLU LAKATOS I, 1994, METHODOLOGY SCI RES LAKATOS I, 1999, PROOFS REFUTATIONS L MANSFIELD E, 1972, RES MANAGE, V15, P30 MCGINNIS R, 1978, SOC SOCIAL STUDIES S, V3, P14 POLLOCK J, 1999, CONT THEORY KNOWLEDG POPPER K, 1962, CONJECTURES REFUTATI POPPER K, 1995, OBJECTIVE KNOWLEDGE PRICE DJD, 1976, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V27, P292 SJOBERG G, 1968, METHODOLOGY SOCIAL R SWYGARTHOBAUGH AJ, 2004, LIBR COLLECT ACQUIS, V28, P180 THAGARD P, 1992, CONCEPTUAL REVOLUTIO THELWALL M, 2004, RES EVALUAT, V13, P63 VANRAAN AFJ, 2004, SCIENTOMETRICS, V59, P467 WERNER BM, 1997, RES TECHNOL MANAGE, V40, P34 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-mail Addresses: somogyi at bel2.sote.hu TITLE: Correlation between national bibliometric and health indicators: The case of diabetes (Article, English) AUTHOR: Somogyi, A; Schubert, A SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (2). FEB 2005. p.285-292 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT ABSTRACT: Correlation between diabetes-related publication output and diabetes prevalence was sought and found in a sample of world countries and in the states of the US. Various correlation patterns ("demand driven research", "research driven prevention", no correlation) were distinguished and interpreted. AUTHOR ADDRESS: A Somogyi, Semmelweis Univ Med, Dept Internal Med 2, Szentkiralyi 46, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary CITED REFERENCES: *INT DIAB FDN, 2001, DIAB E ATL *NAT CTR CHRON DIS, 2004, DAT TRENDS *NAT LIB MED, PUBM BIOM LIT CIT AB *WHO, WORLD HLTH REP 2002 *WHO, 2004, DIAB PROGR FACTS FIG WILD S, 2004, DIABETES CARE, V27, P1047 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-mail Addresses: exek at aueb.gr TITLE: Comments on the paper of Shan et al.: The multivariate Waring distribution (Letter, English) AUTHOR: Xekalaki, E SOURCE: SCIENTOMETRICS 62 (2). FEB 2005. p.293-296 SPRINGER, DORDRECHT AUTHOR ADDRESS: E Xekalaki, Athens Univ Econ & Business, Dept Stat, 76 Patision St, Athens 10434, Greece CITED REFERENCES: DIMAKI C, 1990, COMMUNICATIONS STA A, V19, P2757 DIMARCHI RD, 1996, DIABETES STOFFWECHSE, V5, P113 IRWIN JO, 1963, J ROYAL STATISTICA A, V126, P1 IRWIN JO, 1975, J ROYAL STAT SOC A, V138, P374 IRWIN JO, 1975, J ROYAL STATISTI A 1, V138, P18 IRWIN JO, 1975, J ROYAL STATISTI A 2, V138, P204 JOHNSON NL, 1997, DISCRETE MULTIVARIAT PANARETOS J, 1986, COMMUN STAT THEORY, V15, P873 PANARETOS J, 1986, STAT PROBABILITY LET, V4, P313 SHAN S, 2004, SCIENTOMETRICS, V60, P523 XEKALAKI E, 1981, STATISTICAL DISTRIBU, V4, P157 XEKALAKI E, 1983, ANN I STAT MATH, V35, P279 XEKALAKI E, 1983, BIOMETRICS, V39, P887 XEKALAKI E, 1983, COMMUN STAT-THEOR M, V12, P1181 XEKALAKI E, 1984, J ECONOMETRICS, V24, P397 XEKALAKI E, 1984, J ROYAL STAT SOC A, V147, P488 XEKALAKI E, 1984, UTILITAS MATHEMATICA, V35, P263 XEKALAKI E, 1985, PUBL MATH, V32, P75 XEKALAKI E, 1985, STUD SCI MATH HUNG, V20, P173 XEKALAKI E, 1986, COMMUN STAT THEORY, V15, P1047 XEKALAKI E, 1986, MATH OPERATIONFORSCH, V17, P311 XEKALAKI E, 1988, SCI ANN, P365 XEKALAKI E, 1988, TEOR VEROYA PRIMEN, V33, P206 XEKALAKI E, 2004, COMMUNICATIONS STA A XEKALAKI E, 2004, IN PRESS J STAT PLAN ZOGRAFI M, 2001, P 5 HELL EUR C COMP, P886 From garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU Fri Apr 29 16:32:46 2005 From: garfield at CODEX.CIS.UPENN.EDU (Eugene Garfield) Date: Fri, 29 Apr 2005 16:32:46 -0400 Subject: Lopez-Abente G, Munoz-Tinoco C "Time Trends in the Impact Factor of Public Health Journals" BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 5: Art. No. 24 MAR 18 2005 Message-ID: E-mail Addresses: glabente at isciii.es, cmunoz.hrc at salud.madrid.org FULL TEXT AVAILABLE AT : http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-5-24.pdf Title: Time trends in the impact factor of Public Health journals Author(s): Lopez-Abente G, Munoz-Tinoco C Source: BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 5: Art. No. 24 MAR 18 2005 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 11 Times Cited: 0 Abstract: Background: Journal impact factor (IF) is linked to the probability of a paper being cited and is progressively becoming incorporated into researchers' curricula vitae. Furthermore, the decision as to which journal a given study should be submitted, may well be based on the trend in the journal's overall quality. This study sought to assess time trends in journal IF in the field of public, environmental and occupational health. Methods: We used the IFs of 80 public health journals that were registered by the Science Citation Index from 1992 through 2003 and had been listed for a minimum period of the previous 3 years. Impact factor time trends were assessed using a linear regression model, in which the dependent variable was IF and the independent variable, the year. The slope of the model and its statistical significance were taken as the indicator of annual change. Results: The IF range for the journals covered went from 0.18 to 5.2 in 2003. Although there was no statistical association between annual change and mean IF, most of the fastest growing journals registered mean IFs in excess of 1.5, and some represented emerging areas of public health research. Graphs displaying IF trends are shown. Conclusion: In view of the delay between the publication of IFs and that of any given paper, knowing the trend in IF is essential in order to make a correct choice of journal. Addresses: Lopez-Abente G (reprint author), Carlos III Inst Hlth, Natl Ctr Epidemiol, Sinesio Delgado 6, Madrid, 28029 Spain Carlos III Inst Hlth, Natl Ctr Epidemiol, Madrid, 28029 Spain Ramon & Cajal Hosp Lib, Madrid, 28034 Spain E-mail Addresses: glabente at isciii.es, cmunoz.hrc at salud.madrid.org Publisher: BIOMED CENTRAL LTD, MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND IDS Number: 912DK ISSN: 1471-2458 CITED REFERENCES : *I SCI INF, 2002, J CIT REP MICR 2001 *ISI WEB KNOWL, 2004, J CIT REP DAT INT CO CAMI J, 2003, CARACTERIZACION BIBL FERNANDEZ E, 1995, GAC SANIT, V9, P213 HASBROUCK LM, 2003, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V157, P399 JEMEC GBE, 2001, BMC DERMATOL, V1, P7 MCKIBBON KA, 2004, BMC MED, V2, P33 RICE RE, 1989, SCIENTOMETRICS, V15, P582 SEGLEN PO, 1997, BRIT MED J, V314, P498 SERRA MP, 1993, REV SALUD PUBLICA, V3, P313 WEINER JM, 1981, CONTRACEPTION, V24, P301