From rhill at asis.org Wed Apr 21 11:10:20 2004 From: rhill at asis.org (Richard Hill) Date: Wed, 21 Apr 2004 11:10:20 -0400 Subject: [Sigmed-l] Full Text of Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Message-ID: <4114-220044321151020777@dickxp> [Posted on behalf of Dr. Eugene Garfield. Dick Hill] INTRODUCTION: When I was a young researcher at the Welch Medical Library in 1951, my bible was the Proceedings of the Royal Society Scientific Information Conference held in London, June 21 to July 2, 1948. (see online summary by J.H. McNinch, Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 37:136-141 (1949). http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/pagerender.fegi?artid=194801&pageindex=1 The four sections and their respective editors-in-chief were : I. Publication and Distribution of Papers Reporting Original Work. Professor J.D. Bernal, F.R.S. II Abstracting services. Sir David Chadwick III Indexing and Other Library Services. Dr. J.E. Holmstrom IV. Reviews, Annual Reports, etc. Professor H. Munro Fox, F.R.S. Just seven years later, I was to participate in the 1958 ICSI Conference in Washington. While 20,000 copies of the proceedings were printed, it has become increasingly difficult to locate copies of the two- volume set which is out of print. On November 7, 2003 I wrote to President Bruce Alberts, the President of the National Academy of Sciences to ask for permission to scan and OCR these volumes so that they could be posted to the Web. On November 11, 2003 he wrote that we "should have the document up on our website within weeks". This, in fact happened but the format adopted was the usual one of the NAS Press. I pointed out that it was impractical to print out 1662 pages one at a time. Under the direction of Michael Jensen, NAS created individual PDF files for each chapter. It is now possible to view each document in both HTML and PDF format. All of us in the information community should be grateful to NAS Press for this generous cooperation. In order to scan the complete contents, including author names, please go to : http://books.nap.edu/books/NI000518/html/R19.html#pagetop Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information -- Two Volumes Sponsors of the Conference: National Science Foundation, National Academy of Sciences, American Documentation Institute, National Research Council 1662 pages, 6x9, 1959. ISBN 10866 ______________________________________________________________ The launch of Sputnik caused a flurry of governmental activity in science information. The 1958 International Conference on Scientific Information (ICSI) was held in Washington from Nov.16-21 1958 and sponsored by NSF, NAS, and American Documentation Institute, the predecessor to the American Society for Information Science. In 1959, 20,000 copies of the two volume proceedings were published by NAS and included 75 papers (1600 pages) by dozens of pioneers from seven areas such as: * Literature and reference needs of scientists * Function and effectiveness of A & I services * Effectiveness of Monographs, Compendia, and Specialized Centers * Organization of information for storage and search: comparative characteristics of existing systems * Organization of information for storage and retrospective search: intellectual problems and equipment considerations * Organization of information for storage and retrospective search: possibility for a general theory * Responsibilities of Government, Societies, Universities, and industry for improved information services and research. It is now an out of print classic in the field of science information studies. VOLUME 1 Table of Contents Front Matter - pp. i-xxiv Opening Session Address - pp. 1-8 Area 1: Literature and Reference Needs of Scientists: Knowledge now available and methods of ascertaining requirements - pp. 9-12 Proposed Scope of Area 1 - pp. 13-18 Study on the Use of Scientific Literature and Reference Services by Scandinavian Scientists and Engineers Engaged in Research and Development Elin Tornudd - pp. 19-76 The Transmission of Scientific Information J.D. Bernal - pp. 77-96 An Operations Research Study of the Dissemination of Scientific Information Michael H. Halbert and Russell Lackoff - pp. 97-130 Information and Literature Use in a Research and Development Organization I.H.HOGG and J.ROLAND SMITH - pp. 131-162 Methods by which Research Workers Find Information R.M. Fishenden pp. 163-180 Determining Requirements for Atomic Energy Information from Reference Questions Saul Herner and Mary Herner - pp. 181-188 Systematically Ascertaining Requirements of Scientists for Information Jiri Spirit and Ladislav Kofnovec - pp. 189-194 How Scientists Actually Learn of Work Important to Them Bentley Glass and Sharon H. Norwood - pp. 195-198 Planned and Unplanned Scientific Information Herbert Menzel - pp. 199-244 The Use of Technical Literature by Industrial Technologists Christopher Scott - pp. 245-266 Requirements of Forest Scientists for Literature and Reference Services Stephen H. Spurr - pp. 267-276 The Information-Gathering Habits of American Medical Scientists Saul Herner - pp. 277-286 Use of Scientific Periodicals D. J. Urquhart - pp. 287-300 Summary of Discussion 301-312 Area 2: The Function and Effectiveness of Abstracting and Indexing Services - 313-316 Proposed Scope of Area 2 - 317-320 An Evaluation of Abstracting Journals and Indexes Maurice H. Smith - pp. 321-350 Analytical Study of a Method for Literature Search in Abstracting Journals Paul S. Lykoudis, P.E. Liley, and Y.S. Touloukian - pp 351-376 The Relation Between Completeness and Effectiveness of a Subject Catalogue C.S. Sabel - pp. 377-380 Cost Analysis of Bibliographies or Bibliographic Services Malcolm Rigby and Marian K. Rigby - pp 381-392 The Efficiency of Metallurgical Services Nerio Gaudenzi - pp. 393-406 Subject Slanting in Scientific Abstracting Publications Saul Herner - pp. 407-428 The Importance of Peripheral Publications in the Documentation of Biology Mildred A. Doss - pp. 429-434 Current Medical Literature: A Quantitative Survey of Articles and Journals Estelle Brodman and Seymour I. Taine - pp. 435-448 A Combined Indexing-Abstracting System Isaac D. Welt - pp. 449-460 A Unified Index to Science Eugene Garfield - pp. 461-474 Lost Information: Unpublished Conference Papers Feli Liebesny - pp. 475-480 International Cooperation in Physics Abstracting B. M. Crowther - pp. 481-490 International Cooperative Abstracting on Building: An Appraisal A. B. Agard Evans - pp. 491-496 Cooperation and Coordination in Abstracting and Documentation Otto Frank - pp. 497-510 On the Functioning of the All-Union Institute for Scientific and Technical Information of the USSR Academy of Sciences A. I. Mikhailov - pp. 511-522 Summary of Discussion 523-536 Area 3: Effectiveness of Monographs, Compendia, and Specialized Centers: Present trends and new and proposed techniques and types of services 537-540 Proposed Scope of Area 3 541-544 Review Literature and the Chemist 545-570 The Place of Analytical and Critical Reviews in Any Growing Biological Science and the Service They May Render to Research Isabella Leitch - pp. 571-588 Recent Trends in Scientific Documentation in South Asia: Problems of Speed and Coverage P. Sheel - pp. 589-604 Scientific Documentation in France J. Wyaart - pp. 605-612 Scientific, Technical, and Economic Information in a Research Organization MAREK CIG?NIK - pp 613-648 Summary of Discussion 649-660 Area 4: Organization of Information for Storage and Search: Comparative characteristics of existing systems 661-664 Proposed Scope of Area 4 - pp. 665-670 Conventional and Inverted Grouping of Codes for Chemical Data Eugene Miller, Delbert Ballard, John Kingston, and Mortimer Taube. - pp. 671-686 The Evaluation of Systems Used in Retrieval Systems on Large Electronic Computers CYRIL CLEVERDON - pp. 687-698 Experience in Developing Information Retrieval Systems ASCHER OPLER and NORMA BAIRD 699-710 Printing Chemical Structures Electronically: Encoded Compounds Searched Generically with IBM-702 W.H.WALDO and M.DE BACKER 711-730 Evolution of Document Control in a Materials Deterioration Information Center CARL J.WESSEL and WALTER M.BEJUKI - pp. 731-762 Retrieval Questions from the Use of Linde's Indexing and Retrieval System FRED R.WHALEY - pp. 763-770 Classification with Peek-a-boo for Indexing Documents on Aerodynamics: An Experiment in Retrieval R.C.WRIGHT and C.W.J.WILSON - pp. 771-802 Summary of Discussion 803-812 VOLUME 2 Area 5: Organization of Information for Storage and Retrospective Search: Intellectual problems and equipment considerations in the design of new systems 813-816 Proposed Scope of Area 5 817-822 The Basic Types of Information Tasks and Some Methods of Their Solution V.P.CHERENIN - pp. 823-854 Subject Analysis for Information Retrieval B.C.VICKERY - pp. 855-866 The Construction of a Faceted Classification for a Special Subject D.J.FOSKETT - pp. 867-888 On the Coding of Geometrical Shapes and Other Representations, with Reference to Archaeological Documents J. C. Gardin - pp. 889-902 Subject-Word Letter Frequencies with Applications to Superimposed Coding HERBERT OHLMAN - pp. 903-916 The Analogy between Mechanical Translation and Library Retrieval M.MASTERMAN, R.M.NEEDHAM, and K.SP?RCK JONES - pp. 917-936 Linguistic Transformations for Information Retrieval Z.S.HARRIS - pp. 937-950 Linguistic and Machine Methods for Compiling and Updating the Harvard Automatic Dictionary A.G.OETTINGER, W.FOUST, V.GIULIANO, K.MAGASSY, and L.MATEJKA - pp. 951-974 The Feasability of Machine Searching of English Texts VICTOR H.YNGVE - pp. 975-996 Semantic Matrices G.PATRICK MEREDITH - pp. 997-1026 Interlingual Communication in the Sciences by JOSHUA WHATMOUGH - pp. 1027-1046 An Overall Concept of Scientific Documentation Systems and Their Design by E.J.CRANE and C.L.BERNIER - pp. 1047-1070 The Possibilities of Far-Reaching Mechanization of Novelty Search of the Patent Literature by G.J.KOELEWIJN - pp. 1071-1096 Descriptive Documentation by CHARLES G.SMITH - pp. 1097-1116 Variable Scope Search System: VS8 by JACOB LEIBOWITZ, JULIUS FROME, and DON D.ANDREWS - pp. 1117-1142 The Haystaq System: Past, Present, and Future by HERBERT R.KOLLER, ETHEL MARDEN, and HAROLD PFEFFER - pp. 1143-1180 A Proposed Information Handling System for a Large Research Organization by W.K.LOWRY and J.C.ALBRECHT - pp. 1181-1202 Information Handling in a Large Information System by P.R.P.CLARIDGE - pp. 1203-1220 Tabledex: A New Coordinate Indexing Method for Bound Book Form Bibliographies by ROBERT S.LEDLEY - pp. 1221-1244 The Comac: An Efficient Punched Card Collating System for the Storage and Retrieval of Information by MORTIMER TAUBE - pp. 1245-1254 Summary of Discussion 1255-1268 Area 6: Organization of Information for Storage and Retrospective Search: Possibility for a general theory 1269-1272 Proposed Scope of Area 6 - 1273-1274 The Structure of Information Retrieval Systems by B.C. Vickery - pp. 1275-1290 The Descriptive Continuum: A by FREDERICK JONKER - pp. 1291-1312 Algebraic Representation of Storage and Retrieval Languages by R.A.FAIRTHORNE pp 1313-1326 A Mathematical Theory of Language Symbols in Retrieval Calvin N. Mooers - pp. 1327-1364 Abstract Theory of Retrieval Coding Clifford J. Maloney - pp. 1365-1382 Maze Structure and Information Retrieval GERALD ESTRIN - pp. 1383-1394 Summary of Discussion 1395-1410 Area 7: Responsibilities of Government, Professional Societies, Universities 1411-1414 Proposed Scope of Area 7 1415-1416 Responsibilities for Scientific Information in Biology: Proposal for Financing a Comprehensive System Milton O. Lee1417-1428 Responsibility for the Development of Scientific Information as a National Resource Hazel Mews - pp. 1429-1434 Differences in International Arrangements for Financial Support of Information Services N.F.GRELL - pp. 1435-1440 Training for Activity in Scientific Documentation Work George Bonn - pp. 1441-1488 Training the Scientific Information Officer A.B.AGARD EVANS and J.FARRADANE - pp. 1489-1494 Training for Scientific Information Work in Great Britain B.I.PALMER and D.J.FOSKETT - pp. 1495-1502 The ICSU Abstracting Board: The Story of a Venture in International Cooperation G.-A.BOUTRY - pp. 1503-1516 Creation of an International Center of Scientific Information PAUL BOQUET - - pp. 1517-1522 An International Institute for Scientific Information WALDO CHAMBERLIN- pp. 1523-1534 Summary of Discussion 1535-1548 Closing Session 1549-1562 Financial Support 1563-1564 Exhibitors 1565-1566 Roster of Registrants 1567-1606 Index 1607-1638 The Open Book page image presentation framework is not designed to replace printed books. Rather, it is a free, browsable, nonproprietary, fully and deeply searchable version of the publication which we can inexpensively and quickly produce to make the material available worldwide. For most effective printing, use the "printable PDF page" link available on each OpenBook page's tool block. The 300 x 150 dpi PDF linked to it is printable on your local printer. Executive Director American Society for Information Science and Technology 1320 Fenwick Lane, Suite 510 Silver Spring, MD 20910 FAX: (301) 495-0810 (301) 495-0900 From rhill at asis.org Wed Apr 21 11:12:40 2004 From: rhill at asis.org (Richard Hill) Date: Wed, 21 Apr 2004 11:12:40 -0400 Subject: [Sigmed-l] Wouters P, "The Citation Culture" - full text available in pdf Message-ID: <4114-220044321151240430@dickxp> [Posted on behalf of Dr. Eugene Garfield. Dick Hill] In January 2000 I sent the listserv a notice about the publication of Paul Wouters' doctoral thesis "The Citation Culture" along with an introduction by me and a brief abstract of the book (reproduced below). The author has kindly provided a full-text electronic version in pdf format which is available at : http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/wouters/wouters.pdf Paul Wouters can be reached at: paul.wouters at niwi.knaw.nl Best wishes, Eugene Garfield ______________________________________________________ Date: Tue, 18 Jan 2000 17:56:46 -0500 Reply-To: ASIS Special Interest Group on Metrics Sender: ASIS Special Interest Group on Metrics From: Gretchen Whitney Subject: ABS: Wouters, The Citation Culture Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII "The Citation Culture" by Paul Wouters of the The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam. The follwing brief introduction was prepared by Eugene Garfield. In 1999 Paul Wouters published his doctoral dissertation which was distributed to many of his colleagues. This is undoubtedly one of the most significant works to be produced in this field since its advent over forty years ago. The work will be published by Stanford University Press in approximately one year. In the meantime Paul has kindly prepared a brief summary and the contents page. It does not include a list of his many tables and illustrations. I do not agree with many of Paul's conclusions but his scholarship is remarkable. He spent many weeks at ISI going through correspondence. He has published many articles not the least of which was his contribution to the symposium on the "History of Science Information Systems" which was held in Pittsburgh in November 1998 and published jointly by ASIS and The Chemical Heritage Foundation of Philadelphia. Eugene Garfield Paul Wouters, "The Citation Culture", Stanford University Press forthcoming--late 2000 or 2001) Abstract The need for greater accountability of scientific researchers has created a number of new professions. The scientometrician is one of these experts. They measure science scientifically, often on behalf of science policy officials. The professional scientometrician emerged in the sixties. Their creation is intimately linked to the invention of the Science Citation Index (SCI) by Eugene Garfield and his collaborators in Philadelphia (USA). The Citation Culture argues that the development of scientometrics can best be understood if we analyze this field as both indicator and embodiment of a recently emerged subculture in science: The Citation Culture. This subculture has unwittingly and subtly changed core concepts of modern science such as scientific quality and influence. Because of the citation culture, being cited has profoundly changed its meaning over the last two decades, with a number of consequences for scientists. It has moreover contributed to the transformation of the very essence of science policy, notwithstanding scientometrics's apparent lack of outstanding successes. This study tries to explore the possible meaning of the citation culture for the systematic generation of knowledge. Today, a scientific publication is easily recognized by its references to other scientific articles or books. Citing behavior seems to vary according to personal traits. Nevertheless, the overall citing properties of the publications within a certain field share the same characteristics. The sciences and humanities host many types of specialty-specific citing culture, each slightly different from the other. The historical development of scientific publishing since the nineteenth century has provided for a fairly stable ensemble of citing cultures in science. The gradual development of regular citing behavior in scientific publishing created a new resource for research as well as policy: citation data. It did not take long before these data began to be used. With hindsight, it seems an almost inevitable outcome of some straightforward reasoning. If researchers cite the work they find useful, often cited (``highly cited'') work is apparently more useful to scientists than work which receives hardly any citations at all. Hence, the number of times an article is cited, seems to be an accurate measure of its impact, influence or quality. The same is true of the collected articles of one particular scientist, research group, journal or even institution. The more they are cited, the greater their influence. Sloppy work will not often be cited,except in heated controversies --- or so the reasoning goes. Therefore, citation frequency seems a good way of objectively measuring scientific usefulness, quality, or impact. Whatever one's view on the import of being cited, citation frequency is generally supposed to measure something that already exists. This is based on an implicit realist perspective with respect to the process of scientific communication: the indicator is seen as a more or less direct upshot of scientists' activities. Therefore, citation analysis --- the art of measuring numbers of citations --- provides a window onto the communication processes between scientists. This book questions these realist interpretations measuring science by citations. The citation culture is not a simple aggregate or derivative of citing culture in science. The citation as used in scientometric analysis and science and technology indicators is not identical to the reference produced at the scientist's desk. In other words, the citation is the product of the citation indexer, not of the scientist. The Science Citation Index is moreover not merely a bibliographic instrument. It also creates a new picture of science via bibliographic references found in scientific literature. In this way, the SCI provides a fundamentally new representation of science. By focussing on the seemingly most insignificant entity in scientific communication, the inventors of the SCI have created a completely novel set of signs and of a new symbolic universe. The Citation Culture therefore not only tells how the SCI was created, but also tries to explore its ramifications. It discusses the main properties of the new representation of science as well as its impact on science studies, science policy, and on science itself. Last but not least the book discusses the implications of this perspective for the theoretical foundations of scientometric analyses in general and the search for a citation theory in particular. Paul Wouters NIWI The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences PO Box 95110 1090 HC Amsterdam The Netherlands T 3120 4628654 F 3120 6658013 WWW www.niwi.knaw.nl Contents Page of THe Citation Culture {1}Introduction}{1} {1.1}Introduction}{1} {1.2}Citing cultures}{2} {1.3}Unintended consequences of being cited}{3} {1.4}An objective representation of science}{5} {1.4.1}Representation}{5} {1.4.2}The {SCI}}{5} {1.5}The quest for a citation theory}{8} {1.6}The reference and the citation}{10} {1.7}The citation representation of science}{12} {1.8}Representing scientometrics}{14} {2}The creation of the Science Citation Index}{17} {2.1}Mixed reception}{17} {2.2}Enthusiasm for citation}{22} {2.3}The citation introduced to science}{30} {3}The building of the Science Citation Index}{59} {3.1}Building the index}{59} {3.2}Translating the citation concept}{73} {4}The science of science}{79} {4.1}Welcoming the \emph {SCI}}{79} {4.2}Roots}{82} {4.3}The science of science in Russia, the Ukraine, and the Soviet Union}{84} {4.4}Western science of science}{93} {4.5}``Please reply with more data''}{96} {4.6}The citation sociologically used}{97} {4.7}The citation sociologically explained}{103} {5}The signs of science}{107} {5.1}Introduction}{107} {5.2}Basic properties of the citation}{108} {5.3}Producing citations}{110} {5.4}Building upon the citation}{115} {5.5}Other signs of science: co-word analysis}{126} {5.6}A maze of indicators}{128} {6}Rating science}{131} {6.1}Introduction}{131} {6.2}Early Dutch science policy}{135} {6.3}Scientometrics within a funding body}{137} {6.4}Emerging Dutch science studies}{139} {6.5}Science studies for policy}{141} {6.6}Indicators for policy}{143} {7}Scientometrics}{167} {7.1}Introduction}{167} {7.2}Collection and organization of the data}{168} {7.3}General features}{169} {7.4}Has Price's dream come true?}{172} {7.4.1}Method}{172} {7.4.2}Results}{174} {7.5}Who's Who in scientometrics?}{177} {7.6}Does scientometrics have its own identity?}{177} {7.7}What is scientometrics' position?}{191} {7.8}Has scientometrics developed a specific language?}{192} {8}Representing science}{195} {8.1}Introduction}{195} {8.2}Summary of the results so far}{195} {8.3}A hybrid specialty}{198} {8.4}Indicators as translators}{198} {8.5}Paradigmatic versus formalized representations}{206} {8.6}Indicator theories}{210} {8.7}The rise of the formalized}{212} Executive Director American Society for Information Science and Technology 1320 Fenwick Lane, Suite 510 Silver Spring, MD 20910 FAX: (301) 495-0810 (301) 495-0900